Grant amount：\18460000 （ Direct Cost: \14200000 、 Indirect Cost：\4260000 ）

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\17160000 （ Direct Cost: \13200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3960000 ）

本年度は、パーム農園と農家厚生の関係についての定量的評価を実施した。具体的には、Rand corporationが実施している、Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS)と衛星観察によるパーム農園の地理的分布情報を組み合わせて、パーム農園と農業所得や社会厚生との関係について、定量的に分析をおこなった。結果として、パーム農園のある地域では、土地保有農業者の所得向上が確認されたが、農地を持たない農業従事者の賃金所得には変化がなかった。また、パーム農園がある地域では、女児の高等教育参加率が減少し、若年層での婚姻率が上昇していることがわかった。これは、農業所得の向上にともない、女性の結婚市場が影響を受けたことが原因であると考えられる。
また、森林生態系サービスが持つトリなどの害虫コントロールの機能が地域農業へ与える影響について、フィールド調査を実施して分析した。地域に森林が豊富に存在しているほど、コメへの害虫被害率が低いことが確認された。
これらの結果は、パーム農園の拡がりは、農園開発などによって経済的恩恵を受けられなかった住民にとっては、貧困リスクを高めている可能性があるだけでなく、教育参加率の減少などを通じて、長期的あるいはマクロな視点からも様々な予期しない影響を及ぼしている可能性が示唆している。また、インドネシアのパーム油農園の拡大が先進国の消費に関してどのように促進されているのかについて、今後研究を進めていく。

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Grant amount：\4420000 （ Direct Cost: \3400000 、 Indirect Cost：\1020000 ）

In this research, we conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) regarding the dissemination of information on an environmentally friendly agriculture certification and government subsidy program. The main results are as follows. From the RCT (the implementation of training workshops) in five villages in the Central Province of Sri Lanka, we found that the participation of key farmers, who are the hubs of the village networks, increased the knowledge and participation rate of non-invitees in the workshops by approximately 131% and 113% above average, respectively. These results indicate that the participation of central figures is essential for network-based agricultural extension to diffuse information on new technologies and facilitate their actual adoption.

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Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\17160000 （ Direct Cost: \13200000 、 Indirect Cost：\3960000 ）

In this study, we could reconfirm that micro statistical data base on field surveys in disadvantageous regions in not only developing countries but also domestic areas was effective to research about economic polices for poverty reduction and depopulation problem.Mainly, by converting the data into the framework of the village input-output table, it was possible to demonstrate empirically that the dependency among villagers through mutual transaction within the village can be easily grasped.In addition, we could accumulate empirical results applying the causal inference method by field experimental data.
These outcomes are already published 18 papers on international refereed journals.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\40040000 （ Direct Cost: \30800000 、 Indirect Cost：\9240000 ）

We examine long-term consequences of elementary school curricula in terms of the formation of social preferences. Specifically, pupils who have experienced participatory/cooperative learning practices are more likely to be altruistic, cooperative with others, reciprocal, and have national pride. In contrast, education emphasizing anti-competitive practices is negatively associated with these attributes. Such contrasts can also be seen in other preferences regarding government policies and the market economy. We also find that the experience of group work is negatively associated with annual income and financial assets. The results for well-being and satisfaction for overall life indicate that group work does not correlate with well-being and whole life satisfaction, while it positively correlates with the satisfaction of human relationships and negatively correlates with satisfaction with household economic status.

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Grant amount：\45110000 （ Direct Cost: \34700000 、 Indirect Cost：\10410000 ）

Throughout the project, we developed three database of randomly selected 45 marginal settlements without electricity and water access from 1,146 marginal settlements over the country of Nepal, which contains detail information of 2,641 households with 14,857 individuals: (1) Nepal Marginal Settlements Survey 2015: Households(Nepal MSS/H-2015); (2)Nepal Marginal Settlements Survey 2016: Village(Nepal MSS/V-2016); and (3) Nepal Marginal Settlements Survey 2017: Social Preference(Nepal MSS/SP-2017).

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Grant amount：\18070000 （ Direct Cost: \13900000 、 Indirect Cost：\4170000 ）

This study evaluates the impact of labor market policies on its outcomes. The impacts of work hour standard and minimum wages are examined. Regarding the work hour standard, analysis of the survey on time use and leisure activities reveals that the reduction of work hour standard from the late 1980s to the middle 1990s reduced hours worked and increased leisure hours. Regarding minimum wage, the increase in region minimum wage induced by the 2007 revision of minimum wage act reduced the employment rate of teenagers.

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Authorship：Principal investigator  Grant type：Competitive

Through this research project, two Indian surveys were conducted. The first one is the household survey conducted in two villages from Tamil Nadu in 2103, which contains about 500 households. The research outcome from the preliminary survey was reported in a major domestic academic conference. The second one is the survey about status preferences conducted in Delhi, covering about 400 individuals. Due to the delay of the survey, data are still being analysed.

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Grant amount：\17550000 （ Direct Cost: \13500000 、 Indirect Cost：\4050000 ）

The recent educational development in South Asia, especially that of India and Bangladesh, is characterized by rapid expansion of non-governmental providers of school education including private schools, both recognized and unrecognized, and schools managed by NGOs and religious organizations. Our main findings are:(1) although this trend has activated expectation to education among the various sections of people who had little access to formal education,(2) disparity among the schools is increasing than decreasing,(3) non-elite education of secondary to higher level does not necessary promise better access to job market.In other words, disparity of education is still crucial issue in the educational development in this region. The educational reforms which are undertaken now in both countries try to regulate the relationship between various providers and the government, stressing responsibility of the latter to improve quality and equality in education.

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Grant amount：\2509000 （ Direct Cost: \1930000 、 Indirect Cost：\579000 ）

This study investigates the impact of the health policy reform in South Africa. The policy reform was implemented in 1994 and removed all user fees from health services to pregnant mothers and children under 6 years old. The regression analysis shows that households in the high treatment regions have less children and give their children educated more, compared with the regions appeared to be less affected by the policy reform. Considering that our control group is not regions completely unaffected by the reform but regions affected to some extent, the true impact of the policy reform would be larger.

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