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BACKGROUND: The effects of the different tempos of background music (BGM) on food intake and eating speed have not been fully studied. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the influence of changing the tempo of BGM during meals on food intake and to explore strategies to support appropriate eating behavior. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy young adult women participated in this study. In the experimental phase, each participant ate a meal under three separate conditions: fast (120% speed), moderate (original, 100% speed), and slow (80% speed) BGM. The same music was used for each condition, and appetite before and after eating, the amount of food consumed, and eating speed were recorded. RESULTS: The results showed that food intake (g, mean ± standard error (SE)) was slow: 317.9 ± 22.2, moderate: 400.7 ± 16.0, and fast: 342.9 ± 22.0. Eating speed (g/s, mean ± SE) was slow: 28.1 ± 2.8, moderate: 34.2 ± 2.7, and fast: 27.2 ± 2.4. The analysis showed that the moderate condition showed greater speed than the fast and slow conditions (slow-fast: p = .008; moderate-slow: p = .012; moderate-fast: p = .004). Moreover, the food intake in the moderate condition was significantly higher than that in the slow and fast conditions (moderate-slow: p < .001; moderate-fast: p < .001), and there was no significant difference between the slow and fast conditions in this regard (p = .077). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that original tempo BGM led to higher food intake compared to the faster and slower tempo conditions. These findings suggest that listening to music at an original tempo during meals may support appropriate eating behavior.

DOI： 10.1177/02601060231158234

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In the present study, we examined whether the cross-modal effect can be obtained between odors and colors, which has been confirmed under olfactory recognizable conditions and also occurs under unrecognizable conditions. We used two flavors of red fruits such as strawberries and tomatoes for this purpose. We also aimed to compare whether similar cross-modal effects could be achieved by setting the flavors at recognizable (liminal) and unrecognizable (subliminal) concentrations in the experiment. One flavor at a normal concentration (0.1%, Liminal condition) and one at a concentration below the subliminal threshold (0.015%, Subliminal condition), were presented, and the color that resembled the smell most closely from among the 10 colors, was selected by participants. Except for the subliminal tomato condition, each odor was significantly associated with at least one color (p < 0.01). Participants selected pink and red for liminal strawberry (0.1%) (p < 0.05), pink for subliminal strawberry (0.015%) (p < 0.05), and orange for liminal tomato (0.1%) (p < 0.05), but there was no color selected for subliminal tomato (0.015%) (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the flavor of tomato produced a cross-modal effect in liminal conditions, but not in subliminal conditions. On the other hand, the results of the present study suggest that the flavor of strawberries produces a cross-modal effect even under subliminal conditions. This study showed that cross-modal effects might exist, even at unrecognizable levels of flavor.

DOI： 10.7717/peerj.14874

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BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with major depression and premenstrual mood symptoms, and menstrual irregularity has been correlated with mental anxiety. However, the potential effect of increased vitamin D intake on reducing the risk of menstrual irregularities by decreasing psychological anxiety is yet to be fully elucidated. The existence of such a relationship in athletes with high levels of psychological anxiety and adequate dietary intake remains unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of vitamin D intake on psychological anxiety levels and the risk of menstrual irregularities in healthy college-and international-level female athletes. METHODS: Female intercollege-level track and field and international-level rowing athletes (n = 107) aged 15-24 years were included in this study. Their nutritional intake, body mass, body fat, mental anxiety, and menstrual irregularities were investigated. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to examine the effects of several parameters on menstrual irregularities. The independent variables introduced into the GLMM were determined based on Akaike's information criterion. RESULTS: The GLMM identified a significant interaction effect of vitamin D intake and state anxiety on menstrual irregularities, with a p-value of 0.049 and an odds ratio of 0.423. The study results suggest that increased vitamin D intake in relatively young endurance athletes may reduce mental anxiety, consequently decreasing menstrual irregularities.

DOI： 10.7717/peerj.14456

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier BV  

DOI： 10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104502

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique. Magnetic fields induced by rPMS pass through almost all materials, and it has clinical applications for neurorehabilitation. However, the effects of rPMS through clothing and orthosis on induced movement and corticospinal excitability remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether rPMS induces movement and enhances corticospinal excitability through hand splint materials. rPMS was applied directly to the skin (L0) and through one (L1) or two (L2) layers of splint material in 14 healthy participants at 25-Hz, 2-s train per 6 s for a total of 20 min. rPMS was delivered to the forearm with the stimulus intensity set to 1.5-times the train intensity-induced muscle contractions under the L0 condition. We recorded induced wrist movements during rPMS and motor-evoked potentials of the extensor carpi radialis pre- and post-application. The results showed that rPMS induced wrist movements in L0 and L1, and it facilitated corticospinal excitability in L0 but not in L1 and L2. This suggests that rPMS can make electromagnetic induction on periphery even when applied over clothing and orthosis and demonstrates the potential clinical applications of this technique for neurorehabilitation.

DOI： 10.3390/brainsci12020280

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Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) induces proprioceptive afferents and facilitates corticospinal excitability. Short-term sessions of rPMS combined with motor imagery (MI) enhance corticospinal excitability more than rPMS alone. However, it is not clear how long the intervention of rPMS combined with MI would be needed to facilitate corticospinal excitability. Therefore, we investigated the time course change in corticospinal excitability during the combination of rPMS and MI. Thirteen healthy volunteers participated in a 20-min intervention under the following three experimental conditions on different days: rPMS, MI, and rPMS combined with MI (rPMS + MI). In the rPMS and rPMS + MI, the participants were delivered rPMS, which was 25 Hz, 2 s/train at 1.5 × of the train intensity induced muscle contractions, through the wrist extensor muscles. In the MI and rPMS + MI, the participants repeatedly imagined wrist movements for 2 s. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded from the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscles every 5 min for each condition. The MEP amplitudes of the ECR after > 10 min of intermittent rPMS combined with MI were greater than baseline. The MEP amplitude of the ECR in rPMS + MI was greater than that in rPMS condition after 20 min of intervention. The present results suggest that over 10 min of intermittent rPMS combined with MI facilitates corticospinal excitability, and that the effect of rPMS combined with MI on corticospinal excitability might be greater than that of rPMS alone.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136427

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There is evidence showing that excessive mental stress is detrimental to the menstrual period, and it is known that many elite athletes are highly susceptible to mental anxiety. This study investigated the nutritional intake and mental anxiety of 104 relatively young elite endurance athletes aged 16 to 23 years and used a multiple logistic model to examine the factors that might be related to menstrual irregularity. Calcium intake was marginally associated with the occurrence of menstrual irregularities (odds ratio = 1.004, p = 0.030), whereas there were strong associations between body mass or state anxiety and menstrual irregularities in elite athletes (odds ratio = 0.557, p = 0.035 for body mass; odds ratio = 1.094, p = 0.006 for state anxiety). These results suggested that state anxiety would be an important factor causing menstrual irregularity in elite endurance athletes. It is recommended that elite athletes are monitored for anxiety levels and develop a strategy for stress management.

File： nutrients-13-03436.pdf

DOI： 10.3390/nu13103436

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OBJECTIVE: Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) combined with motor imagery facilitates the corticospinal excitability of the agonist muscles. However, the effects of rPMS combined with motor imagery on the corticospinal excitability of the antagonist muscles are unclear. This is an important aspect for applying rPMS in neurorehabilitation for sensorimotor dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the real-time changes of corticospinal excitability of antagonist muscles during rPMS combined with motor imagery. METHODS: Fourteen healthy volunteers underwent four different experimental conditions: rest, rPMS, motor imagery, and rPMS combined with motor imagery (rPMS + motor imagery). In the rPMS and rPMS + motor imagery conditions, rPMS (25 Hz, 1600 ms/train, 1.5× of the motor threshold) was delivered to the dorsal side of the forearm. In motor imagery and rPMS + motor imagery, the participant imagined wrist extension movements. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to record motor-evoked potentials of the antagonist muscle during experimental interventions. RESULTS: The motor-evoked potential (normalized by rest condition) values indicated no difference between rPMS, motor imagery, and rPMS + motor imagery. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that rPMS combined with motor imagery has no effect on the corticospinal excitability of the antagonist muscles and highlight the importance of investigating the effects of rPMS combined with motor imagery at the spinal level.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001673

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BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined the influence of nutritional status and mental stress on menstrual cycle characteristics. The purpose of this study was to describe the impact of low energy availability (EA) and mental health problems on the menstrual cycles of elite female rowing competitors during a survey period. METHODS: We enrolled sixteen subjects (16-18 years old) who were elite female rowing competitors preparing for an international competition. This study provides the first long-term assessment of dietary intake, body mass/composition, state of anxiety, and menstrual cycle in international level female athletes. RESULTS: Dietary energy intake increased significantly during the investigation period (P<0.001). CHO intake increased significantly during the investigation period (P<0.005). EA significantly increased during the investigation period (P<0.01). The percentage of athletes with menstrual dysfunction was 20.0% in April 2018 (2 of 10), but none of the athletes reported menstrual dysfunction in October 2019. The mental status measured by state anxiety index (STAI) did not change significantly during this survey period (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There was no athlete who has menstrual disfunction after sufficient CHO intake during this survey period. These findings of this study suggest that adequate EA levels and sufficient CHO intake might lead to improved menstrual function. In addition, the impact of psychological factors on menstrual dysfunction at normal levels may be less than the effects of nutritional status.

DOI： 10.23736/S0022-4707.20.11392-6

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In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of hypertensive diseases and the various diseases associated with them. A major cause of these is excessive salt intake. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether chewing hard foods lowers the saltiness threshold. Fifteen subjects (fourteen women and one man) participated in the present study. Two types of gummies are available as ingredients: hard and soft gummies. The saltiness thresholds before and after chewing of each gummi were studied using 11 different NaCl solutions. Then, points of subjective equality (PSEs) were calculated to detect changes in the saltiness for each subject. In the soft Gumi condition, there was no significant difference in PSE for the saltiness between before and after ingesting Gumi (p>0.05), while in the hard Gumi condition, the PSE for the saltiness significantly decreased after ingesting Gumi compared with the value of before ingesting Gumi (p=0.001). From these results, we concluded that sensitivity to saltiness would increase after mastication of hard foods such as hard Gumi.

DOI： 10.3177/jnsv.66.587

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It is known that an eye-like image promotes generosity. It is also known that the evaluation of the visual deliciousness of food is improved in the presence of an emotionally positive stimulus. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the presence of open eyes (OPEN) causes generous behavior altering the evaluation of the visual deliciousness of food, and how the images of open and closed eyes (CLOSED) affect human emotions. Seventeen women participated in the present study. A picture of food was presented on a computer screen, and the participants predicted and evaluated its visual deliciousness. An image of OPEN or that of CLOSED was presented simultaneously with a picture of food. There was a significant difference between the OPEN and CLOSED conditions, as demonstrated by the scores on a nine-point Likert scale for visual deliciousness; the ratings in the OPEN condition were significantly higher than those in the CLOSED condition (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in the image of watchful eyes for the perceived relaxation state; the ratings in the OPEN condition were not significantly higher than those in the CLOSED condition (p = 0.716). The results of the present study revealed that the evaluation of the visual deliciousness of food based on its appearance was likely due to the presence of an image of open watchful eyes, increasing the perceived visual deliciousness of the food without any changes in the participants' emotions.

File： peerj-9804.pdf

DOI： 10.7717/peerj.9804

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)  

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) combined with motor imagery (MI) on corticospinal excitability. Ten healthy individuals participated in two kinds of short-term sessions: rPMS combined with MI [magnetic stimulation motor imagery (MSMI)] and rPMS alone (magnetic stimulation) on different days. We measured the motor-evoked potentials before and after the session, and the MI ability of each participant using the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised. The post-session/pre-session motor-evoked potential ratio was larger in the MSMI than in the magnetic stimulation condition, and the difference was correlated to the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised score. This suggests that rPMS combined with MI induced greater corticospinal excitability than rPMS alone. This study highlights the possibility that short-term sessions of rPMS combined with MI could have clinical applications in improving the sensorimotor dysfunctions of stroke patients.

DOI： 10.1097/WNR.0000000000001245

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Science and Business Media LLC  

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm known to produce a bodily illusion. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) combined with the RHI induces a stronger illusion than the RHI alone. Visuotactile stimulus synchrony is an important aspect of the RHI. However, the effect of TENS and visuotactile stimulus synchrony in TENS combined with the RHI remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TENS and visuotactile stimulus synchrony on the embodiment of an artificial hand when using TENS combined with the RHI. The participants underwent four experimental conditions in random order: TENS/noTENS × Synchronous/Asynchronous. TENS was set at an intensity such that it generated a feeling of electrical paresthesia in the radial nerve area of the hand but did not cause pain, i.e., 100-Hz pulse frequency, 80-µs pulse duration, and a constant pulse pattern. A visuotactile stimulus, either temporally synchronous or asynchronous, was generated using paintbrush strokes. To evaluate the outcome measures, the participants completed a questionnaire report and proprioceptive drift assessments (motor response and perceptual response). There were significant main effects of TENS and visuotactile synchrony, but no interaction between these factors, on the results of the questionnaire and the perceptual response. In contrast, there was no significant effect on the result of the motor response. These findings indicate that TENS and visuotactile synchrony might affect differently the embodiment of an artificial hand when using TENS combined with the RHI.

DOI： 10.1007/s00221-018-5398-9

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Other Link： http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00221-018-5398-9.pdf

Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

In the present study, we examined the cognitive function during mastication of lemon-flavored gum, which is said to enhance cerebral blood flow. Nine healthy subjects (8 female and 1 male) participated in this study. Subjects chewed the gum for 3 min after fasting for 2 h and conducted a Stroop test while continuing to chew. At the end of all answers, gum chewing ended. The response time in the Stroop test was used as an indicator of cognitive function. We set the three conditions (lemon-flavored gum, mint-flavored gum, no gum chewing). There was no significant difference in reaction time between chewing mint-flavored gum and not chewing (p>0.05). However, the response time during chewing gum with a lemon flavor was significant slower than the conditions with mint-flavored gum and without gum chewing (p<0.05, in both). From the results of the present study, it was suggested that the response time delay of the Stroop test observed during the chewing of lemon-flavored gum revealed temporary decay of cognitive function during lemon-flavored gum chewing. It is suggested that lemon-flavored chewing gum forces a brain overload, resulting in a temporary decrease in cognitive function.

DOI： 10.3177/jnsv.64.239

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC  

Since increased cerebral oxygenation reflects cerebral activation, this study investigated the effect of mastication frequency on prefrontal cortex oxygenation. Eleven young volunteers (nine women, two men; M age=20.9 years, SD=0.9) carried out three trials in which they were asked to chew a tasteless gum for 3min at varying (rates of mastication frequency: 30, 70, and 110). Breaks of 2min each were interleaved between trials. The oxygenation of the left prefrontal cortex was monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. We found a significant increase in cortical oxygenation during gum chewing in all three conditions (p&lt;.05), compared with a resting level; we also found a significant difference between the Fast and Slow chewing conditions, and between the Fast and Normal (70rpm) conditions, both findings seemingly related to activation of a motor command in frontal brain regions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effect of mastication frequency on cerebral oxygenation. Possible implications of this finding are discussed.

DOI： 10.1177/0031512516683074

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can be used to examine bilateral motor cortex activation during a sustained motor task in brain areas where increased oxygenation reflects cortical activation. This study examines the time course of activation of the bilateral motor cortex during a moderate-intensity handgrip task.
Ten healthy right-handed male subjects participated in this study. Functional NIRS probes were placed over the cortex to measure motor cortical activations while the subjects performed a 180-s handgrip task incrementally [30-60 % of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 0.17 % increase/s]
Contralateral primary motor cortex (ContraM1) oxygenation values significantly increased from baseline between 40 and 120 s after the start of the motor task (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (IpsiM1) oxygenation values significantly increased from baseline between 140 and 180 s after the start of the motor task (p &lt; 0.05). IpsiM1 oxygenation gradually increased from 140 to 180 s, whereas ContraM1 oxygenation gradually decreased from 120 to 180 s after the start of the motor task.
These results suggest that the complementary functions of IpsiM1 become activated in response to the working of the ContraM1 during a continuous handgrip task.

DOI： 10.1007/s00421-015-3262-1

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

It is possible to examine bilateral primary motor cortex (M1) activation during a sustained motor task using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), in which it is assumed that increased oxygenation reflects cortical activation. The purpose of this study was to examine bilateral M1 activation in response to graded levels of force production during a unilateral finger task. Ten healthy right-handed male subjects participated in this study. NIRS probes were placed over the cortex to measure M1 activity while the subjects performed the finger task. The subjects performed a 10 s finger task at 20%, 40%, and 60% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Symmetrical activation was found over both M1 areas at all force levels investigated. In the contralateral M1, there were significant differences in oxygenation between 20% and 60% MVC, as well as between 40% and 60% MVC. In the ipsilateral M1, there were significant differences among all force levels. These results indicate the ipsilateral M1 takes part in muscle force control.

DOI： 10.1088/0967-3334/35/3/417

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP PUBLISHING LTD  

The brain function controlling muscle force production is not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was to examine bilateral primary motor cortex (M1) oxygenation during static-handgrip exercises performed with the right hand (60% maximal voluntary contraction; 10 s exercise/75 s rest; five sets). Twelve healthy, right-handed male subjects participated in this study. Near-infrared spectroscopy probes were positioned over the bilateral M1 to measure cortical oxygenation during handgrip exercises. The maximum values of the changes in concentrations of oxyhemoglobin (HbO(2)) and deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) across the trials (i) did not change significantly during the contralateral M1 activation (p &gt; 0.05), whereas (ii) in the case of the ipsilateral M1 activation a significant (p &lt; 0.05) decrease in HbO(2) and a significant (p &lt; 0.01) decrease in Hb could be measured. The activation in ipsilateral M1 at the fifth trial was significantly decreased compared with that in the first trial (HbO(2): p &lt; 0.001; Hb: p &lt; 0.001). The present results suggest that the ipsilateral M1 is recruited during the motor task in compensation for the contralateral M1 and the habituation to motor task might alter the efficiency for interaction of the ipsilateral M1 to the contralateral M1. The interhemispheric interaction might change due to habituation to motor task.

DOI： 10.1088/0967-3334/32/12/004

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) techniques, it is possible to examine bilateral motor cortex oxygenation during a static motor task. Cortical activation was assumed to be reflected by increased oxygenation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the time course of oxygenation in the bilateral motor cortex during a low-intensity handgrip task. Six healthy, right-handed subjects participated in the study. The near-infrared spectroscopy probes positioned over the bilateral motor cortex were used to measure the cortical activation throughout a handgrip task carried out. The subjects performed a 3-min handgrip task with increasing intensity in a ramp-like manner [10-30% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 6.67% MVC.min(-1)]. Contralateral motor cortex oxygenation increased significantly from 100 to 180 s after the start of the motor task compared with the baseline value (p&lt;0.05). Ipsilateral motor cortex oxygenation also increased significantly from 130 to 180 s after the start of the motor task (p&lt;0.05). The onset of increase in oxyhemoglobin ([HbO(2)]) and decrease in deoxyhemoglobin ([Hb]) in contralateral motor cortex area (M1) were significantly earlier than in ipsilateral M1 (respectively, p&lt;0.05). These results show that there is a delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral primary motor cortex area compared with contralateral side during a unimanual dominant-hand motor task. Crown Copyright (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

File： Shibuya,Brain Res,2008.pdf

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.03.009

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

There are few observations of the activity of the bilateral motor cortex during prolonged exhaustive motor tasks. Knowing how the motor cortex modulates muscle fatigue or how information about fatigue affects motor cortex activities in healthy humans may help explain why fatigue is so prevalent in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the time course of oxygenation of the bilateral motor cortex during an exhaustive pinching task. Eight healthy, right-handed subjects participated in the study. Near-infrared spectroscopy over the bilateral motor cortex was used to measure the activity throughout the pinching task. Subjects performed a sustained 50-60% of maximal voluntary contraction until voluntary exhaustion was reached. After the start of the motor task, the contralateral motor cortex oxygenation increased significantly compared with the resting value (P &lt; 0.05). However, with the passage of time, it decreased significantly compared with the resting value (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, ipsilateral motor cortex oxygenation decreased significantly at voluntary exhaustion compared with the resting value (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest an interaction between the bilateral motor cortices during motor tasks. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

File： Shibuya K,2007.pdf

DOI： 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.009

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fatigue resulting from exhaustive pinching exercise on frontal and motor cortex activity. Eight healthy subjects (four male and four female) participated in the present study. All subjects performed at 70% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) pinching exercise until reaching a state of volitional fatigue. Frontal cortex and motor cortex oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy throughout the exhaustive exercise. Frontal cortex and motor cortex oxygenation increased significantly at the 90 and 120 s after the start of exercise compared with the pre-exercise values and these decreased with the time passage. Frontal cortex oxygenation at exhaustion was significantly lower than the 90 and 120 s after the start of exercise, while motor oxygenation at exhaustion was the same value with the pre-exercise value. These findings suggest that the exhaustive exercise induces the decrease of cerebral function and that the fatigue resulting from dynamic exercise decreases the motor cortex activity. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All fights reserved.

File： Shibuya and Tachi 2006 RPNB.pdf

DOI： 10.1016/j.resp.2005.11.008

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA  

Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fatigue resulting from supramaximal dynamic exercise on cerebral cortex activity.
Methods. Five healthy male subjects (age 24.6+/-0.4 years, body weight 62.9+/-1.1 kg, height 175.3+/-1.2 cm, and maximal O-2 uptake per body mass 48.4+/-1.3 ml/kg/min) participated in this study. All subjects performed at 120% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO(2)peak) on a cycle ergometer until reaching a state of volitional fatigue. Cerebral oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) throughout the supramaximal constant exhaustive exercise.
Results. The mean exercise duration of the subjects was 147.2+/-3.4 s. The peak value of blood lactate concentration within 3-10 min after the exercise test was 14.4+/-0.1 mmot/l. Cerebral oxygenation (8.8+/-1.8 mumol/l) was increased significantly during the first minutes of exercise compared with the pre-exercise value (p&lt;0.05) and cerebral oxygenation decreased with the passage of time during exercise. Cerebral oxygenation at the end of exercise decreased significantly compared with the resting value (-29.9+/-3.4 mumol/l, p&lt;0.05).
Conclusion. These findings suggest that the exhaustive exercise induces the decrease of cerebral function and that the fatigue resulting from dynamic exercise decreases the cerebral cortex activity.

File： Shibuya2004JSMPF.pdf

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

This study examined cerebral deoxygenation during intermittent supramaximal exercise in six healthy male subjects (age: 27.2 +/- 0.6 years (mean +/- S.E.)). The subjects performed seven times exercise at an intensity corresponding to 150% of maximal oxygen uptake (Vo(2max)) on cycle ergometer (30 s exercise/15 s rest). Cerebral oxygenation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The peak blood lactate concentration after exercise was 15.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l. Cerebral oxygenation increased in first repetition compared with at rest (+5.7 +/- 0.6 muM; P &lt; 0.05), but then decreased with time. Thus, in the last repetition cerebral oxygenation was -8.5 +/- 0.4 muM (P &lt; 0.05). There was no significant change in arterial oxygen saturation (99.6 +/- 0.1 at rest, 98.4 +/- 0.2 at the final set of intermittent exercise), and there was no correlated change in end-tidal CO2 concentration with cerebral oxygenation (P &gt; 0.05). These findings suggest that the fatigue resulting from dynamic severe exercise related to a decrease in the cerebral oxygenation level. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

File： Shibuya et al. 2004 RPNB.pdf

DOI： 10.1016/j.resp.2003.11.004

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG  

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the onset kinetics of muscle oxygenation in localized working muscle (mOxy) was affected by differences in exercise intensity. Five healthy male subjects exercised for 6 min at 125 W, 150 W, and 175 W, and I min at 300 W on a cycle ergometer. mOxy was estimated by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a continuous wave photometer. The NIRS probe was positioned on the vastus lateralis muscle of the right leg. The relative change in mOxy was calculated from the relative change of the oxygenated hemoglobin (OxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (DeoxyHb) concentration from their resting values ([mOxy] = Delta[OxyHb]-Delta[DeoxyHb]). Assuming an exponential time course with time delay, the time constants of the mOxy were 5.7 (SD 2.2) s at 125 W, 5.6 (SD 1.9) s at 150 W, 6.0 (SD 2.2) s at 175 W, and 5.6 (SD 2.1) s at 300 W. The time delays of the mOxy were 6.7 (SD 4.2) s at 125 W, 8.6 (SD 1.6) s at 150 W, 6.4 (SD 3.0) s at 175 W, and 5.4 (SD 2.9) s at 300 W. The mean response times of the mOxy were 12.5 (SD 2.7) s at 125 W, 14.2 (SD 2.4) s at 150 W, 12.4 (SD 4.4) s at 175 W, and 11.0 (SD 3.1) s at 300 W. These results indicate that the kinetics of mOxy were not affected by differences in exercise intensity.

File： Shibuya et al. 2004 EJAP.pdf

DOI： 10.1007/s00421-004-1051-1

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle oxygenation level at exhaustion and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2max) in an incremental cycling exercise. Nine male subjects took part in an incremental exhaustive cycling exercise, and then cuff occlusion was performed. Changes in oxy-(ΔHbO2) and deoxy-(ΔHb) hemoglobin concentrations in the vastus lateralis muscle were measured with a near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Muscle oxygenation during incremental exercise was expressed as a percentage (%Moxy) of the maximal range observed during an arterial occlusion as the lower reference point. A systematic decrease was observed in %Moxy with increasing intensity. A significant relationship was observed between %Moxy at exhaustion and V̇O2max (p &lt
0.01). We concluded that the one of the limiting factor of V̇O2max is the muscle oxygen diffusion capacity, and %Moxy during exercise could be one of the indexes of muscle oxygen diffusion capacity. © 2003 Taylor &amp
Francis Ltd.

File： Shibuya and Tanaka 2003.pdf

DOI： 10.1080/13813450312331342355

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：(株)北隆館  

超高齢化社会において,嚥下障害者に対するとろみ調整食品の需要は高まってお遺,その活用に関しては,適切な手法を広く周知・共有していくことが大切となる.近年,様々なガムベースにした増粘剤が開発されているが,増粘液の予期せぬ感覚特性や味の変化を引き起こす可能性がある。筆者らは,甘味,塩味,酸味,旨味といった複数の呈味成分を含むとろみ液を用い,喫食時の口腔内感覚へ及ぼす影響について検証を行なっている。ここでは,その一部を紹介する。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：(株)北隆館  

超高齢化社会において,嚥下障害者に対するとろみ調整食品の需要は高まっており,その活用に関しては,適切な手法を広く周知・共有していくことが大切となる。また,摂食嚥下機能の維持や嚥下障害予防などに関する教育・啓発活動と組み合わせることにより,多くの地域高齢者やとろみ調整従事者が,広く活用を実践できる仕組みとして構築することが期待できる。ここでは,筆者らの活動内容の一部を紹介する。(著者抄録)

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：山形県立米沢栄養大学  

【目的】自己の体型への強すぎる意識は摂食障害になるリスクが高い。さらに、より瘻身であることが望ましいとする自己認識の歪みも同時に存在する。人間の認知の不確かさやあいまいさについて検証するためにベイズ統合の働きに着目して実験を行った。【方法】視覚に疾病を持たない健常な11名(年齢±標準誤差=20.0±1.0歳)が実験に参加した。参加者はモニター上に個別に提示された体格指数(BMI)の異なる9種類の女性の画像を見て、その画像の女性のことを「太っていると感じる」か「瘻せていると感じる」かの判定を行った。高BMI女性の画像提示頻度が高いFAT条件、正規分布にしたがうNORMAL条件、低BMI女性の画像提示頻度が高いLEAN条件の3条件が設定された。参加者は1条件あたり、96回の判定を行い、3条件はそれぞれ別の日に実施した。一般化線形混合モデル(GLMM)にあてはめ、条件間の画像の女性を「太っていると感じる」と判断する確率の差を検証した。また、線形混合モデル(LMM)にあてはめ、条件間で刺激回数に対する「太っていると感じる」割合が「瘻せていると感じる」を超える主観的等質点(PSE)に差があるかどうかを検証した。【結果】統計解析の結果、3条件間で「太っていると感じる」という判定に有意差が認められた(F=59.079,P<0.001)。また3条件間でPSEに差が見られた(F=24.966,P<0.001)。結果として、高BMI女性をより多く提示される条件において(FAT条件の方がNORMAL条件やLEAN条件より、NORMAL条件の方がLEAN条件より)、「太っていると感じる」と判定する基準がBMIがより高い方にシフトすることがわかった。【結論】実験結果により、ヒトは画像の提示頻度によって体型の評価を変化させ、より多く目にする画像の影響を強く受ける可能性が示唆された。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2022&ichushi_jid=J06764&link_issn=&doc_id=20230125370002&doc_link_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1425%2F00000591%2F&url=http%3A%2F%2Fid.nii.ac.jp%2F1425%2F00000591%2F&type=%E5%B1%B1%E5%BD%A2%E7%9C%8C%E7%AB%8B%E7%B1%B3%E6%B2%A2%E6%A0%84%E9%A4%8A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E5%B1%B1%E5%BD%A2%E7%9C%8C%E5%85%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%82%B8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F80271_3.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本作業療法士協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本家政学会  

ヒトの摂食量は一緒に食べるヒトの影響を受けることが知られている。また、共食者が不在でも他者の摂食量情報に影響を受けることが知られている。本研究では摂食量は、他者の摂食量情報よりも実在の食を共にする人の摂食量に強く影響を受けるとの仮説を検証することとした。健康成人女性16名に嗜好調査というカバーストーリーのもと4条件でスナック菓子を4分間好きなだけ食べてもらった。同席者なし条件と同席者あり条件にそれぞれ大食または少食情報を組み合わせた。大食情報とは他の人は平均14枚スナックを食べたとの情報であり、少食情報とは他の人は平均4枚食べたという情報とした。同席者に常に9枚食べるよう依頼した。嗜好調査後、各条件での摂食枚数を求めた。一般化線形混合モデルを用いて解析を行った。摂食量は同席者なし条件(11.0±5.9枚)と同席者あり条件(12.8±7.3枚)間(F=3.089、p=0.086)および大食条件(12.1±6.0枚)と少食条件(11.7±7.3枚)間(F=0.161、p=0.690)でも主効果に有意差は認められなかったが交互作用が認められた。少食条件の場合と異なり、大食条件では同席者の摂食量の影響を受け、同席者がいる場合、摂食量は抑制された。したがって、本研究は抑制的規範説を支持したと考える。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2022&ichushi_jid=J02033&link_issn=&doc_id=20220425380001&doc_link_id=10.11428%2Fjhej.73.212&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11428%2Fjhej.73.212&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本作業療法士協会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)   Publisher：Scientific Research Publishing  

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Authorship：Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)三輪書店  

＜文献概要＞脳卒中患者を対象に,麻痺手への体性感覚入力を目的としたワイピングが行われている.しかし,ワイピング動作を運動学的に分析した研究や体性感覚入力の視点で行った研究はみられない.本研究は,新聞紙を用いたワイピング動作中の手の掌面の接触の違いが上肢の運動に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした.健常被験者16名を対象に,手の掌面の橈側を接触する条件(橈側条件)と尺側を接触する条件(尺側条件)のワイピング動作を行い,動作中の上腕三頭筋および総指伸筋の筋活動量,肘関節の関節運動を測定した.結果,橈側条件は,尺側条件と比較して,総指伸筋の筋活動が大きかった.上腕三頭筋の筋活動量は条件間の差がなかった.本研究結果は,脳卒中患者を対象にワイピングを介入として用いる際の活動分析や作業選択の一助になると考えられる.

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2020&ichushi_jid=J02304&link_issn=&doc_id=20200128260025&doc_link_id=10.11477%2Fmf.5001202013&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11477%2Fmf.5001202013&type=%E5%8C%BB%E6%9B%B8.jp_%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B9&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00024_2.gif

Authorship：Last author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：バイオメカニズム学会  

本研究は、健常者に対する反復末梢性磁気刺激においてクリック音が体性感覚刺激の検出に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的とした。健常成人被験者22名に対して、反復末梢性磁気刺激を感じた際に反応する体性感覚刺激検出課題を行った。実験は、聴覚刺激ありと聴覚刺激なしの2条件を行った。反復末梢性磁気刺激は、刺激周波数10Hz、刺激時間2秒間、刺激強度は感覚閾値の0.6〜1.4倍とし、計90回を恒常法にて実施した。各被験者の反応から刺激強度と検出率の関係を示すための心理測定関数を算出した。結果、聴覚刺激あり条件の検出閾値は聴覚刺激なし条件と比較して低かった。本研究から、健常者に対する反復末梢性磁気刺激においてクリック音が体性感覚刺激の知覚を促通する可能性が示唆された。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2019&ichushi_jid=J01702&link_issn=&doc_id=20190313400007&doc_link_id=10.3951%2Fsobim.43.1_41&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3951%2Fsobim.43.1_41&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本リハビリテーション医学会  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Scientific Research Publishing  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Home Economics  

<p>  The purpose of the present study was to estimate the minimal food cost based on the dietary reference intake for Japanese people. For this purpose, we calculated the minimal food cost using mathematical optimization. To calculate a food plan for each age-gender group, 68 mathematical optimization models for each of the food plan groups were employed. For the calculation of mathematical optimization models, we used data based on the dietary reference intake for Japanese people and a retail price survey by the Statistics Bureau of the Japanese Government. We established four categories (25％, 50％, 75％ and 85％ for standard food intake). From these restrictions, we calculated the minimal food cost using mathematical optimization. The normal food cost per month for adult males (18-29 years) was 41,865 Yen, and for adult females (18-29 years) was 26,037 Yen. Based on these results, we were able to estimate the minimal food cost for families in order to prevent lifestyle related diseases. In this study we used computed ingredients instead of food to calculate optimal combinations, so it has not been verified whether these combinations can be realized in practice. In order to put the results of this study into practice, it is necessary to verify the results of the calculation and the connection between cooking and menu planning.</p>

DOI： 10.11428/jhej.69.136

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2018126461

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

© 2017 Nagasaki University Library, All Right Reserved. Adolescents with reading literacy difficulty with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are often at a greater risk for problems of communication, and behavioral and mental health challenges. We aimed to examine literacy weakness for the native Japanese language of KOKUGO and the foreign language of ENGLISH as perceived by Japanese adolescents. We also aimed to analyze the relationship between literacy weakness and inattention and hyperactivity characteristics. We conducted a largescale questionnaire survey of 2987 junior high school students. We used logistic regression analysis to examine the data from the self-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), the General Health Questionnaire-12, and adolescents’ perceptions of their command of KOKUGO and ENGLISH. We found a significant association between perceived literacy for both languages and SDQ inattention and hyperactivity characteristics. Reading difficulties in ENGLISH may be addressed by introducing ENGLISH at an earlier age supported by clinically enhanced pedagogy.

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Authorship：Last author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(一社)日本生理人類学会  

情動ストループ課題(EST)において評価される認知機能と情動処理過程は血糖値に影響されるかを調べた。絶食条件(FC)および血糖上昇条件(BGC)下においてESTを実施した。その結果、BGCにおけるESTの反応時間はFCより有意に短縮されが、情動においてはBGCとFCの間に有意差はなかった。結論として、血糖値上昇により認知機能は改善するが、認知機能と情動処理過程との間には関連がないことが示唆された。

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/default/link?pub_year=2017&ichushi_jid=J02998&link_issn=&doc_id=20170619400003&doc_link_id=%2Fcb7phant%2F2017%2F002202%2F003%2F0085-0089%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fcb7phant%2F2017%2F002202%2F003%2F0085-0089%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BIOMED CENTRAL LTD  

The effect of fatiguing exercise on the ipsi- and contralateral frontal cortex has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) the frontal cortex oxygenation response to a prolonged fatiguing repetitive handgrip exercise performed at maximal voluntary contraction. It was found a significant oxyhemoglobin concentration ([HbO(2)]) increase (p &lt; 0.05), accompanied by a smaller and delayed deoxyhemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) decrease (p &lt; 0.05), in both hemispheres. Then, it was indicated higher delayed oxygenation in ipsilateral oxygenation compared to contralateral oxygenation. These results provide further evidence that the complemental interaction between the ipsilateral and contralateral cortex during the fatiguing maximal exercise.

DOI： 10.1186/s40101-015-0077-z

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology  

Humans show a remarkable capacity to control a variety of motor outputs, ranging from writing with pencils to putting a shot. Controlling a motor output from the preferred hand is made by the descending signals from the primary motor cortex. With respect to motor outputs in humans, the issue of hemispheric specialization is closely tied to handedness and it linked to asymmetric brain functions. Left hemisphere dominance for the movement has been attributed to a functional asymmetry of M1 and descending pathways. However, some neuroimaging studies have found bilateral M1 activations either during unimanual tasks. In the present study, we discussed the muscle force control by the bilateral hemisphere.

DOI： 10.20718/jjpa.20.3_157

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：(有)科学評論社  

発達性読み書き障害は、「注意」や「記憶」の困難性も伴うことから、神経薬理学的研究も行われている。発達性読み書き障害の定義・神話について、発達性読み書き障害脳と非発達性読み書き障害脳の構造的相違点、機能核磁気共鳴断層装置による音韻処理障害研究、日本における発達性読み書き障害研究と教育の課題、発達性読み書き障害の薬理学的研究、発達性読み書き障害研究の展望について述べた。

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMMONS SCIENTIFIC, LTD  

It remains unclear whether activation kinetics in the motor cortex area is affected by training. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of training on the motor cortex activation. To accomplish this, the correlation between maximal voluntary contraction and motor cortex (M1) activity was examined. Differences in the motor cortex activation between two groups during exercise were examined in 14 male volunteer participants (M age 25.2 yr., SD = 1.4): seven highly trained athletes (VO(2)max = 60 ml/kg/min.; maximal voluntary contraction &gt; 55 kg, M MVC = 63.6 kg, SD-4.2) and seven nonathletes (VO(2)max &lt; 45 ml/kg/min.; MVC &lt;50.0 kg, M MVC = 43.5 kg, SD = 5.2). Participants were familiarized with the study protocol, during which they performed a maximal voluntary static handgrip test. Specifically, M1 activation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy throughout a handgrip exercise in which participants performed a sustained middle-intensity handgrip exercise (50% of maximal voluntary contraction) until voluntary exhaustion. In the Athlete group, activation in the M1 at voluntary exhaustion fell below the resting value. In the Nonathlete group, activation in the M1 was elevated throughout the exercise. Results suggest that motor signals from the motor cortex area correlate with exercise training status, especially during fatiguing exercise.

File： PMS-August-2010_0002.pdf

DOI： 10.2466/15.25.26.PMS.111.4.19-30

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(株)杏林書院  

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File： PMS-August-2010_0002.pdf

DOI： 10.2466/15.25.26.PMS.111.4.19-30

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC  

We examined the role of central command in static exercise-induced increase in middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity (V(MCA)). Eleven young female subjects performed static elbow flexion for 2 min at 30% maximal voluntary contraction without (control exercise; CONT) and with vibrations to the biceps brachii tendon (EX+VIB) in order to reduce the effort needed to maintain the set contraction intensity. The rating of perceived exertion in exercising muscle (Arm RPE) at the end of EX+VIB was lower than that of CONT (mean +/- s.d.; 4.8 +/- 1.1 for CONT versus 3.5 +/- 1.0 for EX+VIB; P &lt; 0.05). The increases in mean arterial pressure (36 +/- 8 versus 22 +/- 7%; P &lt; 0.05), heart rate (36 +/- 16 versus 21 +/- 7%; P &lt; 0.05) and cardiac output (56 +/- 26 versus 39 +/- 14%; P &lt; 0.05) during EX+VIB were also lower than those during CONT. Similarly, the increase in the V(MCA) during EX+VIB was lower than that during CONT (29 +/- 5 versus 17 +/- 14%; P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that the influence of central command contributes to cerebral blood flow regulation during static exercise and the decrease in V(MCA) is likely to be caused by attenuated brain activation in the central command network and/or by the reduction in cardiac output.

DOI： 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.048595

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It is generally thought that fatigue is modulated during prolonged exhaustive motor tasks by the bilateral motor cortex. It remains unclear, however, how fatigue is modulated during motor tasks and how information about fatigue affects motor cortex activities in healthy humans. These results may help explain why fatigue is so prevalent in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the time course of oxygenation of the ipsilateral motor cortex during an exhaustive pinching task. Seven healthy right-handed subjects participated in the study. Nearinfrared spectroscopy over the bilateral motor cortices was used to measure activity throughout the pinching task. Subjects performed a sustained maximal voluntary contraction of 50-60% with their left hands until voluntary exhaustion was reached. After the start of the motor task, oxygenation to the contralateral motor cortex increased significantly compared with the resting value (p&lt
0.05). However, with the passage of time, it decreased significantly compared with the resting value (p&lt
0.05). In addition, oxygenation of the ipsilateral motor cortex significantly increased after the start of the motor task, and then decreased significantly at voluntary exhaustion compared with the resting value (p&lt
0.05). These results suggest an interaction between the bilateral motor cortices during motor tasks.

File： Shibuya and Kuboyama2009.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.28.165

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Previous studies have investigated the relationship between prefrontal cortex activation and perceived exertion during prolonged exercise. However, the effect of perceived exertion on prefrontal cortex activity is confounded by exercise intensity. Therefore, the changes in prefrontal cortex activity in response to perceived exertion remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the activation (oxygenation) of the prefrontal cortex and perceived exertion during constant work-rate elbow-flexion exercise with or without muscle-spindle stimulation. Ten healthy, right-handed subjects participated in the study. Nearinfrared spectroscopy with probes positioned over the prefrontal cortex measured its activation throughout elbowflexion exercise. Subjects performed sustained elbow-flexion exercise at 25-35% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with or without muscle-spindle stimulation (vibration), which can decrease perceived exertion. The ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower during exercise with vibration (Ex-Vib) than during exercise without vibration (Ex) (p&lt
0.05). The oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex during Ex-Vib did not significantly differ from that during Ex (p&gt
0.05). These results indicated that perceived exertion was not necessarily associated with prefrontal cortex activation during exercise.

File： J Physiol Anthropol 2009.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.28.63

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Previous studies have investigated the relationship between prefrontal cortex activation and perceived exertion during prolonged exercise. However, the effect of perceived exertion on prefrontal cortex activity is confounded by exercise intensity. Therefore, the changes in prefrontal cortex activity in response to perceived exertion remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the activation (oxygenation) of the prefrontal cortex and perceived exertion during constant work-rate elbow-flexion exercise with or without muscle-spindle stimulation. Ten healthy, right-handed subjects participated in the study. Nearinfrared spectroscopy with probes positioned over the prefrontal cortex measured its activation throughout elbowflexion exercise. Subjects performed sustained elbow-flexion exercise at 25-35% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with or without muscle-spindle stimulation (vibration), which can decrease perceived exertion. The ratings of perceived exertion were significantly lower during exercise with vibration (Ex-Vib) than during exercise without vibration (Ex) (p&lt
0.05). The oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex during Ex-Vib did not significantly differ from that during Ex (p&gt
0.05). These results indicated that perceived exertion was not necessarily associated with prefrontal cortex activation during exercise.

File： J Physiol Anthropol 2009.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.28.63

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It is generally thought that fatigue is modulated during prolonged exhaustive motor tasks by the bilateral motor cortex. It remains unclear, however, how fatigue is modulated during motor tasks and how information about fatigue affects motor cortex activities in healthy humans. These results may help explain why fatigue is so prevalent in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the time course of oxygenation of the ipsilateral motor cortex during an exhaustive pinching task. Seven healthy right-handed subjects participated in the study. Nearinfrared spectroscopy over the bilateral motor cortices was used to measure activity throughout the pinching task. Subjects performed a sustained maximal voluntary contraction of 50-60% with their left hands until voluntary exhaustion was reached. After the start of the motor task, oxygenation to the contralateral motor cortex increased significantly compared with the resting value (p&lt
0.05). However, with the passage of time, it decreased significantly compared with the resting value (p&lt
0.05). In addition, oxygenation of the ipsilateral motor cortex significantly increased after the start of the motor task, and then decreased significantly at voluntary exhaustion compared with the resting value (p&lt
0.05). These results suggest an interaction between the bilateral motor cortices during motor tasks.

File： Shibuya and Kuboyama2009.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.28.165

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：New York: Pergamon Press, 1968-  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LWW  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To examine the cerebral activity of the motor cortex during maximum movement, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in twelve normal volunteers, using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Repetitive tapping of the right index finger was performed at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 Hz, and during maximum effort (ME). The relative increase rate of rCBF during movement beginning with a resting condition was calculated for each movement condition. The left primary sensorimotor cortex showed significant activation during ME compared to the other frequencies. The rapid increase of rCBF was seen immediately after the initiation of finger tapping at all the tested frequencies but showed no increase following that. However, the rCBF during ME continued to increase until the end of the task. Change of the integrated electromyogram (iEMG) for the frequency and change of rCBF for the frequency at all the tested frequencies showed similar tendencies.

File： Kuboyama et al. 2005.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa.24.201

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

To examine the cerebral activity of the motor cortex during maximum movement, we measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in twelve normal volunteers, using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Repetitive tapping of the right index finger was performed at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 Hz, and during maximum effort (ME). The relative increase rate of rCBF during movement beginning with a resting condition was calculated for each movement condition. The left primary sensorimotor cortex showed significant activation during ME compared to the other frequencies. The rapid increase of rCBF was seen immediately after the initiation of finger tapping at all the tested frequencies but showed no increase following that. However, the rCBF during ME continued to increase until the end of the task. Change of the integrated electromyogram (iEMG) for the frequency and change of rCBF for the frequency at all the tested frequencies showed similar tendencies.

File： Kuboyama et al. 2005.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa.24.201

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

Exercise intensity has been identified as a major determinant of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). However, no studies have compared the prolonged EPOC after supramaximal intermittent exercise and supramaximal continuous exercise. Six young healthy male [age = 26 ± 3 (mean ± SD) yr
stature = 175.4 ± 5.7 cm
body weight = 66.8 ± 6.7 kg
maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) = 44.1 ± 8.5 ml/kg/min] xercised on separate days on a cycle ergometer at two equated total energy expenditures (intermittent exercise : 7 X 30-second intervals at 150%V̇O2max with intervening 15-seconds rest periods
continuous exercise : 5 min at 105%V̇O2max) and then sat quietly in an armchair for 3 h. A control trial without any exercise was also performed in a counterbalanced research design. The V̇O2, carbon dioxide output (V̇CO2), pulmonary ventilation (V̇E), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (LA) were measured before exercise, during exercise and during the 3~h recovery period. The mean V̇O2 after intermittent trial at 150%V̇O2max were higher than these of the control trial and the continuous trials at 105%V̇O2max for 3-h recovery periods (p &lt
0.05). The 3-h EPOC value for intermittent exercise trial (10.5 ± 2.4 L) was significantly greater than that of continuous exercise trial (4.8 ± 2.7 L) (p &lt
0.05). The mean RER values for intermittent exercise trial were significantly lower than those of the control trial during 60-180 min post-exercise (p &lt
0.05). We examined the effect of supramaximal exercise intensity on the magnitude of 3-h EPOC after 12-fasting. In the present study, 3-h EPOC was significantly greater for supramaximal intermittent exercise compared with the supramaximal continuous exercise when the amounts of work output performed are same. Therefore, our results indicate that exercise intensity may be a primary factor of 3-h EPOC even in a supramaximal exercise and that one of mechanisms for the 3-h EPOC would be related to the promoted lipid metabolism.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.54.133

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine  

Exercise intensity has been identified as a major determinant of the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). However, no studies have compared the prolonged EPOC after supramaximal intermittent exercise and supramaximal continuous exercise. Six young healthy male [age = 26 ± 3 (mean ± SD) yr
stature = 175.4 ± 5.7 cm
body weight = 66.8 ± 6.7 kg
maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) = 44.1 ± 8.5 ml/kg/min] xercised on separate days on a cycle ergometer at two equated total energy expenditures (intermittent exercise : 7 X 30-second intervals at 150%V̇O2max with intervening 15-seconds rest periods
continuous exercise : 5 min at 105%V̇O2max) and then sat quietly in an armchair for 3 h. A control trial without any exercise was also performed in a counterbalanced research design. The V̇O2, carbon dioxide output (V̇CO2), pulmonary ventilation (V̇E), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (LA) were measured before exercise, during exercise and during the 3~h recovery period. The mean V̇O2 after intermittent trial at 150%V̇O2max were higher than these of the control trial and the continuous trials at 105%V̇O2max for 3-h recovery periods (p &lt
0.05). The 3-h EPOC value for intermittent exercise trial (10.5 ± 2.4 L) was significantly greater than that of continuous exercise trial (4.8 ± 2.7 L) (p &lt
0.05). The mean RER values for intermittent exercise trial were significantly lower than those of the control trial during 60-180 min post-exercise (p &lt
0.05). We examined the effect of supramaximal exercise intensity on the magnitude of 3-h EPOC after 12-fasting. In the present study, 3-h EPOC was significantly greater for supramaximal intermittent exercise compared with the supramaximal continuous exercise when the amounts of work output performed are same. Therefore, our results indicate that exercise intensity may be a primary factor of 3-h EPOC even in a supramaximal exercise and that one of mechanisms for the 3-h EPOC would be related to the promoted lipid metabolism.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm.54.133

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the repetition rate of a simple movement on the magnitude of neuronal recruitment at maximal effort in humans. Nine right-handed healthy subjects [age: 27.4± 4.8 yr, stature: 174.5±12.2 cm, body-weight 74.3±16.6 kg (Mean±SD)] participated in this study. We measured the regional cerebral hemodynamics using 24-channel near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). An auditory-cued, repetitive flexion movement of the right index finger against a button was performed as the finger-tapping task at maximal effort (ME), at 25% of maximal effort (25% ME) and at 50% of maximal effort (50% ME). The increase of the left primary motor cortex hemodynamics during movement relative to the hemodynamics under the resting condition was calculated for each pair of movement conditions. The frequency of finger-tapping was 1.61±0.18 Hz (25% ME trial), 3.23±0.36 Hz (50% ME trial), and 6.46±0.72 Hz (ME trial). The left primary motor cortex showed significant activation under all conditions. The change in total hemoglobin ([tHb]) between the ME trial and the resting value (1.19±0.93 mmol·mm) was significantly higher than those between the resting value and the 25% ME trial (0.04±0. 04mmol·mm) or the 50% ME trial (0.08±0.11 mmol·mm) (p&lt
0.05). There was a 29.8-fold increase of the [tHb] value between the 50% ME trial and the ME trial, but only a 2-fold increase of the [tHb] value between the 25% ME trial and the 50% ME trial. These results demonstrated that the rate of change in regional cerebral hemoglobin at a maximal effort finger-tapping task was much higher than that at a low frequency finger-tapping task.

File： Kuboyama et al. 2004.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa.23.105

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society for Horticultural Science  

In this paper, the exercise intensities of the general horticultural task was estimated and intensity of each horticultural activity were determined in order to develop the basic data to begin establishing a system for selecting suitable horticultural activities for specific individuals. In order to investigate the exercise intensity of horticulture, the rate of oxygen uptake (VO2) and the heart rate (HR) were measured during the completion of a horticultural task (making a flower-bed for approximately 20 min). In this task, there were various activities whose exercise intensities ranged widely. Intensities of the individual activities in the task of making a flowerbed were expressed in metabolic equivalents (METs) and ranged from 2-8 METs. These values are comparable to the intensities of non-game basketball playing (3-9 METs).

DOI： 10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.639.36

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Publishing type：Doctoral thesis  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

It has been hypothesized that the signals of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) would reflect muscle O 2 uptake (mV̇O 2). Although it is not definite that NIRS signals accurately reflect mV̇O 2, there is every possibility that NIRS signals at least reflect regional O 2 uptake (rV̇O 2). The phase II kinetics of pulmonary oxygen uptake (pV̇O 2) is regarded as reflecting mV̇O 2 at the onset of exercise. To examine whether the rV̇O 2 on-kinetics measured by NIRS reflects the mV̇O 2 on-kinetics at the onset of exercise, we compared the rV̇O 2 as measured by NIRS with the phase II kinetics of pV̇O 2 at the onset of exercise. Twelve healthy male subjects cycled a Monark ergometer at three different intensities: below the ventilatory threshold (VT) level (below-VT), on the VT level (on-VT), and above the VT level (above-VT), for 6 minutes on three separate occasions. The rV̇O 2 was calculated from the concentration of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin, as measured by NIRS every 3 seconds. The pV̇O 2 was determined by the breath-by-breath method. A significant relationship between the amount of increases of pV̇O 2 and rV̇O 2 from rest to the end of exercise among all levels of exercise intensity was found (r=0.935, P&lt
0.001). The time constants of rV̇O 2 (rV̇O 2-Tc: below-VT: 6.514±2.159s, on-VT: 7.760±2.035 s, above-VT: 9.532±2.342 s) were significantly faster than the time constants of pV̇O 2 (pV̇O 2-Tc: below-VT: 23.8±4.4 s, on-VT: 25.9±5.1 s, above-VT: 26.3±5.7 s) (P&lt
0.001). There was no significant relationship between rV̇O 2-Tc and pV̇O 2-Tc for each intensity (P&gt
0.05). We conclude that the rV̇O 2 on-kinetics measured by NIRS does not necessarily reflect the mV̇O 2 kinetics at the onset of exercise.

File： Shibuya et al. 2003.pdf

DOI： 10.2114/jpa.22.137

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Anthropological Society of Nippon  

It is well known that the stature decreases with aging but the rate or onset age of this change have been rarely measured. The present paper describes the changes in physical characteristics with aging in cross-sectional measurements. Stature and the lengths of the trunk, headed neck, upper limb and lower limb were measured on 566 volunteers living in the Sagea Prefecture at the age of 50 to 94 year old (155 male and 411 female). The stature decreased with the age at the rate of −0.19 cm/year male, and −0.41 cm/year female. The female stature decreased a greater rate than the male stature. The male stature proposed non-age-related loss, while that for female decreased by aging precessed the rate of −0.29 cm/year, whereas the loss of stature for female was related with trunk length loss. The lengths of the lower limbs, the upper limbs and the head-neck did not decrease by aging.

DOI： 10.1537/asj.111.119

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00234718573?from=CiNii

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Authorship：Lead author,　Corresponding author   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：新潟医療福祉学会  

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2019&ichushi_jid=J03755&link_issn=&doc_id=20200528540055&doc_link_id=%2Fdq6ngtif%2F2019%2F001901%2F060%2F0076-0076%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdq6ngtif%2F2019%2F001901%2F060%2F0076-0076%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本家政学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本家政学会  

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(一社)日本作業療法士協会  

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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Presentation type：Poster presentation  

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