Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.11236/jph.20-135

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

メンタルヘルス不調者のサポートのために、地域職域連携が謳われているが、実行性のある取り組みは少ない。とくに小規模事業場は課題が多く、地域と職域との密接な連携による対策が求められる。地域で実践されている好事例や認識されている課題を挙げ、メンタルヘルス対策の連携の阻害要因を整理し、実行性のある連携方法を提案することを目指したシンポジウムを開催した。産業保健総合支援センターを核にした地域専門医療機関との連携による事例では、地域の専門医療機関の情報提供とその有効活用の工夫が示された。地域における産業保健を支援する医療リソースの把握と事業場への情報提供は産業保健総合支援センターが貢献できる領域である。京都府では、医師会や行政が、地域の産業医、精神科医、人事労務担当者等関係者間で、連携目的に応じた定期的な会合や研究会を開催しており、多様な「顔の見える」多職種連携が展開され、関係者間で発生する課題や不満も含めて議論されている。社会保険労務士として企業のネットワークを、障害者雇用に活用している事例では、地元の事業活動の核となる金融機関や就労移行支援事業所等と連携して、有病者や障害者のインターンを中小企業で受け入れるプロジェクトが展開されている。フルタイムの雇用にこだわらず、事業場のニーズと有病者の就業可能性をすり合わせる仕組みは、メンタルヘルス不調者の復職などに応用できる可能性がある。相模原市では、評価指標を設定しPDCAを回しながら零細企業を対象とする支援を行っている。具体的には、市の地域・職域連携推進連絡会において、中小事業所のメンタルヘルス対策を含めた健康づくりの推進を目的に、事業所を訪問し、健康経営グッドプラクティスを収集して、他の中小事業所の事業主へ周知する取り組みを行っている。連携の阻害要因には、職場から労働者の家族等に連絡が取りにくい点、メンタルヘルス不調者が産業保健のケアの対象から漏れたときの支援の維持方法、保健師等専門職がいない職場でメンタルヘルスを進める工夫、サービスを展開するマンパワーの不足が挙げられた。職域と地域の連携のギャップを埋めるためには、保健師や臨床医を含む関係者による、それぞれのメリットを求めた連絡会や勉強会等の顔の見える関係づくりは有用で、小規模事業場へのアプローチは健康問題全般の支援にメンタルヘルスを組み込む形で行うことが受け入れやすいと考えられた。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search-tp.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2021&ichushi_jid=J01074&link_issn=&doc_id=20210604470001&doc_link_id=1390006762032361856&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcir.nii.ac.jp%2Fcrid%2F1390006762032361856&type=CiNii&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00003_3.gif

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

メンタルヘルス不調者のサポートのために、地域職域連携が謳われているが、実行性のある取り組みは少ない。とくに小規模事業場は課題が多く、地域と職域との密接な連携による対策が求められる。地域で実践されている好事例や認識されている課題を挙げ、メンタルヘルス対策の連携の阻害要因を整理し、実行性のある連携方法を提案することを目指したシンポジウムを開催した。産業保健総合支援センターを核にした地域専門医療機関との連携による事例では、地域の専門医療機関の情報提供とその有効活用の工夫が示された。地域における産業保健を支援する医療リソースの把握と事業場への情報提供は産業保健総合支援センターが貢献できる領域である。京都府では、医師会や行政が、地域の産業医、精神科医、人事労務担当者等関係者間で、連携目的に応じた定期的な会合や研究会を開催しており、多様な「顔の見える」多職種連携が展開され、関係者間で発生する課題や不満も含めて議論されている。社会保険労務士として企業のネットワークを、障害者雇用に活用している事例では、地元の事業活動の核となる金融機関や就労移行支援事業所等と連携して、有病者や障害者のインターンを中小企業で受け入れるプロジェクトが展開されている。フルタイムの雇用にこだわらず、事業場のニーズと有病者の就業可能性をすり合わせる仕組みは、メンタルヘルス不調者の復職などに応用できる可能性がある。相模原市では、評価指標を設定しPDCAを回しながら零細企業を対象とする支援を行っている。具体的には、市の地域・職域連携推進連絡会において、中小事業所のメンタルヘルス対策を含めた健康づくりの推進を目的に、事業所を訪問し、健康経営グッドプラクティスを収集して、他の中小事業所の事業主へ周知する取り組みを行っている。連携の阻害要因には、職場から労働者の家族等に連絡が取りにくい点、メンタルヘルス不調者が産業保健のケアの対象から漏れたときの支援の維持方法、保健師等専門職がいない職場でメンタルヘルスを進める工夫、サービスを展開するマンパワーの不足が挙げられた。職域と地域の連携のギャップを埋めるためには、保健師や臨床医を含む関係者による、それぞれのメリットを求めた連絡会や勉強会等の顔の見える関係づくりは有用で、小規模事業場へのアプローチは健康問題全般の支援にメンタルヘルスを組み込む形で行うことが受け入れやすいと考えられた。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2021&ichushi_jid=J01074&link_issn=&doc_id=20210604470001&doc_link_id=10.11236%2Fjph.20-135&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11236%2Fjph.20-135&type=J-STAGE&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00007_3.gif

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between andropause symptoms and sickness absence in Japanese male workers over 2 years. METHODS: A baseline survey asking about andropause symptoms, along with blood sampling for testosterone level, was conducted in June 2009. A total of 418 men (mean age = 52.4 years, SD = 8.6) participated and were followed through 2011. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for sickness absence were calculated using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, 31 of 35 participants who took sickness absences had physical illnesses. A higher andropause symptom score was associated with an increased risk of sickness absence. Testosterone deficiency (<350 ng/dL) was not associated with sickness absence. Among the subscales of andropause symptoms, the somatic symptom score was positively associated with sickness absence, whereas testosterone deficiency combined with high sexual symptoms was not associated with sickness absence. Results were similar when limited to sickness absence because of physical illness. No significant interaction between andropause symptoms and testosterone deficiency was found. CONCLUSIONS: Non-specific andropause symptoms unrelated to testosterone deficiency were positively associated with sickness absence.

DOI： 10.1080/13685538.2020.1862078

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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This study aimed to investigate associations between Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (BJSQ)-measured job stress factors and sickness absence in Japanese workers. Among 551 healthy, employed Japanese men and women (age range: 21-73 years) who underwent mental health examinations at the Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion between 2006 and 2009, 197 (67 men, 130 women) consented to participate in this study. Their sickness absences until the end of March 2010 were then followed-up via postal mail survey, with 112 participants effectively responding to the question on sickness absence (56.9%). The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model, adjusting for age, sex, and lifestyle factors. Among the 112 respondents, 12 took sickness absence after their study entry, as found during the mean 2.3 years of follow-up (258.8 person-years). Among all sickness absences, those of eight participants were because of mental illness. Physical demands were positively associated with increased risks of all sickness absence (adjusted HR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.01-7.64). Physical demands were predictive for all sickness absence, and should be alleviated at workplaces to prevent such absence.

DOI： 10.5387/fms.2019-15

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Language：English  

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate associations between cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress and sickness absence among Japanese male and female workers, in a prospective study. METHODS: Among healthy employed Japanese workers who underwent mental health checks between 2006 and 2009, data of 111 participants were analyzed. Changes in blood pressure, pulse rate, peripheral blood flow (PBF), and heart rate variability (HRV) (high frequency [HF] and low frequency [LF]) were calculated using differences between the two tasks, mirror drawing stress [MDS] and a maze task, and the postperiod value. Sickness absence through March 2010 was followed up by mail survey (average follow-up 2.3 years). Logistic regression analysis was used, adjusting for lifestyle factors. RESULTS: Among 12 participants who took sickness absences, eight were owing to mental problems. Changes in the LF during the MDS and maze tasks and LF-to-HF ratio during the MDS task were positively associated with all sickness absences (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.09, 1.03-4.22; 2.04, 1.09-3.82; and 3.10, 1.46-6.58, respectively). Changes in PBF during the MDS task were also associated with increased risk of sickness absence (OR, 95% CI: 2.53, 1.10-5.81). CONCLUSION: Cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress should be considered at workers' health checks.

DOI： 10.1002/brb3.1541

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The purpose of the present study was to investigate associations of dietary intake including vitamin D, folate, and n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in pregnant women with broad autism phenotype (BAP). The Japan Environment and Children's Study is a government-funded birth cohort study. All complete data of 92,011 were analyzed. The Japanese version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient was used to assess mothers' BAP level, and a food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate their dietary intake. Mothers with BAP consumed less vegetables, fruits, and fish and shellfish, and they consumed lower folate, vitamin C, vitamin D, and n-3 PUFA than their counterparts. Dietary intervention should be considered for pregnant women with high BAP scores.

DOI： 10.1007/s10803-020-04380-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

BACKGROUND: Broader autism phenotype (BAP) refers to the expression of behavioral and cognitive dispositions similar to autism spectrum disorder. The present study investigated whether mothers' BAP was prospectively associated with maternal attachment, and if postpartum depression modified this association. METHODS: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS) is a national and government-funded birth cohort study that began in January 2011. Among the 103,099 mothers enrolled, 87,369 mothers without a history of depression were included in the analysis. Self-administered questionnaires were used. These included: the Japanese version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient, the Mother to Infant Bonding Scale, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: The BAP during the second or third trimester of pregnancy was linearly associated with an increased risk of postpartum depression and insecure maternal attachment when infants were one month old (p for trend < 0.001), after adjusting for confounding variables. When stratified by postpartum depression, among the BAP subscales, deficiencies in social skills and communication were associated with an increased risk of insecure maternal attachment in mothers without postpartum depression. The relationships between the BAP subscales and maternal attachment were attenuated among mothers with postpartum depression. LIMITATIONS: Only five items of the Mother to Infant Bonding Scale were used in the present study, and thus the results should be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' BAP was predictive of insecure maternal attachment toward their infant. Postpartum depression partially moderated the associations between mothers' BAP and insecure maternal attachment.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.060

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study aimed to characterize the relationship between the ratio of the length of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D value) and the speed of sound of the calcaneus by quantitative ultrasound (QUS-SOS) in undergraduate female students. We recruited 138 young women with a mean age of 19.6 ± 1.4 years. The participants' calcaneus QUS-SOS was measured using an ultrasound bone densitometer. We also measured the participants' weight, height, and grip strength. A self-reported questionnaire was used to obtain information on participants' secondary sexual characteristics, and exercise habits. The present study showed that the 2D:4D value of both hands was significantly correlated with the calcaneus QUS-SOS. The 2D:4D value of the left hand was also positively associated with the calcaneus QUS-SOS results in several respects. These findings suggest that the 2D:4D value may be useful for the screening of risk for a low bone quality in undergraduate female students.

DOI： 10.1038/s41598-018-33056-z

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Nature  

© 2017, International Society of Behavioral Medicine. Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between serum levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-s) and sickness absence over 2 years in Japanese male workers. Method: A baseline survey including questions about health behavior, along with blood sampling for cortisol and DHEA-s, was conducted in 2009. In total, 429 men (mean ± SD age, 52.9 ± 8.6 years) from whom blood samples were collected at baseline were followed until December 31, 2011. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for sickness absence were calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: Among 35 workers who took sickness absences, 31 had physical illness. A high cortisol to DHEA-s ratio increased the risk of sickness absence (crude HR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.12–6.41; adjusted HR = 3.33, 95% CI 1.35–8.20). The cortisol to DHEA-s ratio was linearly associated with an increased risk of sickness absence (p for trend <.050). Single effects of cortisol and DHEA-s levels were not associated with sickness absences. This trend did not change when limited to absences resulting from physical illness. Conclusion: Hormonal conditions related to the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenocortical axis and adrenal function should be considered when predicting sickness absence. The cortisol to DHEA-s ratio may be more informative than single effects of cortisol and DHEA-s levels.

DOI： 10.1007/s12529-017-9700-1

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Language：English   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

This study aimed to investigate the effects of occupational status and job stress factors on cardiovascular stress reactivity in Japanese workers. In this baseline assessment between 2001 and 2009 in Osaka, Japan, we examined 928 healthy Japanese employees (330 men, 598 women) from two occupational statuses: managers/professionals and general workers. A brief job stress questionnaire was used to evaluate job stress levels. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), heart rate, heart rate variability (high-frequency [HF], low-frequency [LF], LF/HF], and peripheral blood flow were measured at rest and during two stressful tasks. Changes in stress reactivity were calculated as the difference between the measured variables during the tasks and the rest period. Men showed inverse associations between quantitative job overload and DBP, heart rate, and LF/HF, between physical demands and blood pressure (SBP, DBP), and between a poor physical environment and HF. Men also had positive associations between qualitative job overload and heart rate, and between physical demands and peripheral blood flow (all p < 0.05). Women showed inverse associations between qualitative job overload and SBP, and showed positive associations between qualitative job overload and peripheral blood flow, and between a poor physical environment and SBP (all p < 0.05). When stratified by occupational status, significant associations between job stress and changes in stress reactivity were observed in male managers/professionals and female general workers (p < 0.05). Job stress levels are associated with changes in cardiovascular stress reactivity in men and women. Occupational status may modify these associations.

DOI： 10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.05.010

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to ascertain if changes in job demands modify associations between changes in testosterone levels and andropause symptoms in male Japanese workers.A baseline survey including job demands and the Aging Males' Symptoms scale, lifestyle factors, and blood levels of testosterone was conducted in 2007. Among 192 men (mean age +/- SD 52.2 +/- 7.6 years) who completed all relevant questionnaires and provided blood at baseline, 104 men (50.9 +/- 7.2 years) were followed up in 2009. Changes of variables in 2 years were calculated (data of follow-up minus those of baseline).Testosterone levels were increased significantly, whereas job demands and somatic symptoms were reduced significantly, at follow-up. Changes in testosterone levels were negatively associated with changes in total andropause symptoms, psychological symptoms, and sexual symptoms (standardized beta = -0.27, -0.24, and, -0.29, p < 0.05, respectively), after adjustment for confounders. Changes in job demands were positively associated with changes in somatic symptoms (standardized beta = 0.21, p < 0.05). Significant interactions of changes in testosterone levels and job demands were noted for changes in psychological symptoms (standardized beta = 0.26, p < 0.05). For men with a 1-SD reduction in job demands, negative associations between changes in testosterone levels and psychological symptoms were intensified, but not for men with a 1-SD increase in job demands.Andropause symptoms may be affected by changes in testosterone levels and job demands. Change in job demands may modify associations between changes in testosterone levels and andropause symptoms.

DOI： 10.1007/s12529-015-9530-y

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Cardiovascular stress reactivity is a predictor of atherosclerosis and cardiac events. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) protects against cardiovascular diseases, but results among previous studies have been inconsistent. We investigated the association between dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-s) and cardiovascular stress reactivity in Japanese women and men. Among 979 healthy Japanese subjects (641 women and 338 men), serum levels of DHEA-s, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, heart rate variability, and peripheral blood flow were measured under rest and two types of task. Mean differences in measured variables during tasks and a post-task period were calculated as changes in stress reactivity. Variables of stress reactivity were adjusted for multiple potential confounding factors. In women, DHEA-s levels showed positive associations with changes in SBP and DBP (standardized beta=0.12, p = 0.020; 0.17, 0.002, respectively). Stratification by menopausal status and other lifestyle factors (e.g., smoking status, alcohol consumption) were conducted. Significant positive associations remained in pre-menopausal (standardized beta = 0.13, p = 0.037; 0.18, 0.005), non-smoking (0.12, 0.010; 0.18, &lt;0.001), and non-drinking women (0.14, 0.021; 0.21, 0.001), and women without a medical history (0.15, 0.020; 0.20, 0.001). In men, there was no significant association between DHEA-s levels and changes in stress reactivity. DHEA-s levels were positively associated with high blood-pressure reactivity to stress in women, and being menopausal, smoking, and alcohol consumption modified this association. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.005

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：National Institute of Industrial Health  

Levels of job stress have been shown to be inversely associated with testosterone levels, but some inconsistent results have been documented. We investigated the moderating effects of testosterone levels on associations between job stress-factors and psychological stress responses in Japanese medical workers. The participants were 63 medical staff (20 males and 43 women
mean age: 30.6 years
SD=7.3) in Okayama, Japan. Their job-stress levels and psychological stress responses were evaluated using self-administered questionnaires, and their salivary testosterone collected. Multiple regression analyses showed that job demand was positively associated with stress responses in men and women. An interaction between testosterone and support from colleagues had a significant effect on depression and anxiety for women. In women with lower testosterone levels, a reducing effect of support from colleagues on depression and anxiety was intensified. In women with higher testosterone levels, depression and anxiety levels were identical regardless of support from colleagues. Testosterone may function as a moderator between perceived work environment and psychological stress responses for female medical workers.

DOI： 10.2486/indhealth.2015-0113

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL INST OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH, JAPAN  

The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the effect of the patterning of workplace bullying and harassment over two time points (chronic, remission, onset, and never) on psychological and physical stress reactions. The subjects were 543 workers at welfare facilities for the elderly in Japan who completed a self-administered questionnaire at Time 1 (from August to September, 2009) and at Time 2 (from September to October, 2011). Workplace bullying and harassment were assessed using the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ). Stress reactions were assessed using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. In the multiple logistic regression analyses, onset of person-related bullying was significantly (p&lt;0.05) positively associated with both psychological and physical stress reactions at Time 2. Chronic form of person-related bullying was significantly (p&lt;0.05) positively associated with psychological stress reaction at Time 2. Onset of sexual harassment was significantly (p&lt;0.05) positively, and remission of sexual harassment was significantly (p&lt;0.05) negatively associated with physical stress reaction at Time 2. Onset and chronic form of person-related bullying and onset of sexual harassment can cause stress reactions. Remission of sexual harassment can terminate physical stress reaction.

DOI： 10.2486/indhealth.2014-0206

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：National Institute of Industrial Health  

The purpose of the present study was to clarify the current status of psychiatric services and return to work programs within occupational mental health services provided by psychiatric hospitals and clinics in Osaka prefecture. The study focused on whether employment of occupational health physicians and psychological specialists was associated with providing of occupational mental health services. A self-administered questionnaire was mailed to 470 psychiatric hospitals and clinics in Osaka prefecture in 2013. A total of 215 organizations responded (response rate=45.7%). In the psychiatric organizations studied, 46.5% of clinical psychologists and 34.0% of psychiatric social workers who were employed as psychological specialists. Psychiatric medical organization reporting the employment of occupational health physicians was 48.4%. Organizations providing return to work programs was 19.5%; of those that did not provide such programs, 17.7% reported that they would do so in the future. The employment of occupational health physicians increased the percentages of providing of return to work programs. The employment of psychological specialists increased the percentages of psychological counseling services and return to work programs. To provisions of counselling and return to work programs, the employment of occupational health physicians and psychological specialists may be important factors.

DOI： 10.2486/josh.JOSH-2015-0015-CHO

DOI： 10.2486/josh.josh-2015-0015-cho

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Although serum cortisol is a widely accepted index of stress levels, associations between job stress and cortisol levels have been inconsistent. Individual differences in personality traits were discussed as one compelling explanation for this discrepancy. Agentic-communal personality traits have been examined as possible predictive factors for psychological stress.
This study investigated correlations among agentic-communal personality traits and serum cortisol levels. It was also investigated whether job stress levels modified correlations between agentic-communal personality and cortisol levels.
Participants were 198 male workers (mean age = 52.2 years) employed by a shipbuilding company in Japan. Questionnaire data and blood samples were collected during an annual health checkup. Participants completed a self-report questionnaire that included the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) that assesses job control as job stress levels the Communion-Agency scale (CAS) and questions regarding health behaviors.
Communion positively correlated with serum cortisol levels and unmitigated agency negatively correlated with serum cortisol levels. Stratified by job control, communion positively correlated with serum cortisol levels and agency negatively correlated with serum cortisol levels in participants with low levels of job control. Unmitigated agency negatively correlated with serum cortisol levels in participants with high levels of job control.
Levels of job control may modify correlations of gender-related personality with serum cortisol levels. Especially with exposure to high job stress, male workers with high femininity (i.e., high communion and low agency) were more likely to have a high stress response as measured by serum cortisol levels.

DOI： 10.1007/s12529-014-9403-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

To investigate the hypothesis that postmenopausal women demonstrate greater cardiovascular stress reactivity during mental stress tasks than do both premenopausal women and men. Methods: The study included 979 Japanese participants (338 men and 641 women [238 postmenopausal]) aged 16 to 82 years. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and peripheral blood flow were measured at rest and during a mirror drawing stress task and a maze task. Differences between measured variables during tasks and at rest were calculated and considered to represent reactivity to stress. Analyses were adjusted for age and other potential confounding factors. Results: After adjusting for multiple factors, significant group effects were found for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, low-frequency (LF), LF/high-frequency, and peripheral blood flow (effect size: partial G 2 = 0.015, 0.011, 0.013, 0.013, 0.008, and 0.009, respectively). Postmenopausal women were more reactive than men to stress for SBP (15.4 +/- 0.8 versus 11.7 +/- 0.6 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (10.4 +/- 0.6 versus 8.0 +/- 0.5 mm Hg), heart rate (2.7 +/- 0.5 versus 0.7 +/- 0.4 beats/min), LF (23.0 +/- 5.2 versus 3.2 +/- 3.8 ms(2)/Hz), and peripheral blood flow (j39.0 +/- 3.8 versus j25.9 +/- 2.8 Laser Doppler Perfusion Units) and more reactive than premenopausal women (p G.050) for SBP (15.4 +/- 0.8 versus. 12.4 +/- 0.5 mm Hg) and LF/high-frequency (1.7 +/- 0.1 versus 1.3 +/- 0.1). Conclusions: Postmenopausal Japanese women evidenced greater cardiovascular stress reactivity during mental stress tasks than did Japanese men or premenopausal women. Cardiovascular hyperreactivity could play a role in the higher risks of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

DOI： 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000121

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS  

To investigate the hypothesis that postmenopausal women demonstrate greater cardiovascular stress reactivity during mental stress tasks than do both premenopausal women and men. Methods: The study included 979 Japanese participants (338 men and 641 women [238 postmenopausal]) aged 16 to 82 years. Blood pressure, heart rate, heart rate variability, and peripheral blood flow were measured at rest and during a mirror drawing stress task and a maze task. Differences between measured variables during tasks and at rest were calculated and considered to represent reactivity to stress. Analyses were adjusted for age and other potential confounding factors. Results: After adjusting for multiple factors, significant group effects were found for systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, low-frequency (LF), LF/high-frequency, and peripheral blood flow (effect size: partial G 2 = 0.015, 0.011, 0.013, 0.013, 0.008, and 0.009, respectively). Postmenopausal women were more reactive than men to stress for SBP (15.4 +/- 0.8 versus 11.7 +/- 0.6 mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (10.4 +/- 0.6 versus 8.0 +/- 0.5 mm Hg), heart rate (2.7 +/- 0.5 versus 0.7 +/- 0.4 beats/min), LF (23.0 +/- 5.2 versus 3.2 +/- 3.8 ms(2)/Hz), and peripheral blood flow (j39.0 +/- 3.8 versus j25.9 +/- 2.8 Laser Doppler Perfusion Units) and more reactive than premenopausal women (p G.050) for SBP (15.4 +/- 0.8 versus. 12.4 +/- 0.5 mm Hg) and LF/high-frequency (1.7 +/- 0.1 versus 1.3 +/- 0.1). Conclusions: Postmenopausal Japanese women evidenced greater cardiovascular stress reactivity during mental stress tasks than did Japanese men or premenopausal women. Cardiovascular hyperreactivity could play a role in the higher risks of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

DOI： 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000121

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：(公社)日本産業衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

The aim of this study was to investigate associations of workplace bullying and harassment with headache, stiffness of the neck or shoulders, lumbago, and pain of two or more joints. The subjects in this cross-sectional study were recruited from workers (n = 1,913) at 35 healthcare or welfare facilities in Japan. Because of non-participation or missing data, the number of subjects included in the analysis varied (response rate &gt;= 77.1%). Workplace bullying and harassment were assessed using the Negative Acts Questionnaire. Depression was assessed using the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire. The frequency of pain experienced by workers in the previous month was evaluated using a four-point scale. Many of the associations of person-related bullying, work-related bullying, and sexual harassment with headache, stiffness of the neck or shoulders, lumbago, and pain of two or more joints were positive and significant (p &lt; 0.05). Even after adjustment for depression, some of the associations remained significant (p &lt; 0.05). For example, changes in the prevalence ratio for headache associated with a 1-point increase in the work-related bullying score were 1.05 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01 to 1.09) in men and 1.03 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.05) in women after adjustment for age, marital status, employment status, work shift, and depression.

DOI： 10.3390/ijerph10104560

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMMONS SCIENTIFIC, LTD  

This single-blind randomized study investigated the effectiveness of lavender aroma on quality of sleep in healthy Japanese students. The data of seven participants (2 men, 5 women) in the intervention group and eight participants (3 men, 5 women) in the control group were analyzed (M age = 19.0 yr., SD = 0.9). The total procedure comprised 3 days for pre-intervention assessment, 5 days for the intervention, and 3 days for post-intervention assessment. Lavender exposure was compared with the absence of lavender (control). Information regarding the relaxing effect of aromas was provided to examine expectancy effects. Results showed that lavender aroma improved sleepiness at awakening after the intervention. Sex differences and daily variation in quality of sleep during the intervention period were not observed. The findings suggest that nighttime exposure to lavender aroma relieves sleepiness at awakening.

DOI： 10.2466/13.15.PMS.114.1.111-122

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Occupational Health  

<b>Objective:</b> The purpose of this study was to describe workplace bullying experienced by professional caregivers at welfare facilities for the elderly in Japan and to confirm its effects on stress reactions. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional survey was carried out using self-administered questionnaires in 2009 of all the employees working in rural area of facilities for long-term care. Among the 1,233 respondents who filled out all questionnaires concerning stress reactions the Japanese version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) (response rate: 63.9%), we analyzed 897 professional caregivers. We measured stress reactions by using the stress reaction scores of the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire (29 items) and workplace bullying and harassment by using NAQ. We used the unpaired <i>t</i>-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare crude and adjusted average stress reactions with groups classified on the basis of each subscale of the NAQ or all of them. <b>Results:</b> About 40% of both men and women suffered from “malicious gossip” and over 60% of both men and women experienced “someone withholding necessary information so that their work gets complicated”. Among women, scores of the lack of vigor and fatigue were significantly higher in caregivers targeted by person-related bullying than those not targeted (<i>p</i><0.05). Scores of depression were significantly higher in caregivers targeted by work-related bullying than those not targeted (<i>p</i><0.05). Scores of anxiety were significantly higher among caregivers targeted by sexual harassment than those not targeted (<i>p</i><0.05). Among men, scores of the lack of vigor were significantly lower in caregivers targeted by work-related bullying than those not targeted (<i>p</i><0.05). <b>Conclusions:</b> Among women, workplace bullying or harassment could may aggravate effects on psychological stress responses. While among men, work-related bullying was positively associated with vigor.

DOI： 10.1539/sangyoeisei.B11003

DOI： 10.1539/sangyoeisei.b11003

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS  

This study aimed to examine associations between the traits of agency and communion and the severity of premenstrual symptoms in young Japanese women, considering lifestyle habits. The participants were 512 Japanese female undergraduate students in the Kansai area (mean age = 18.5 years, SD = .9). The participants were assigned a self-administered questionnaire. Multiple regression analyses showed that higher levels in unmitigated agency were positively associated with total scores of premenstrual symptoms, as well as subscales of concentration, behavioral change, water retention, negative affect and arousal. Higher levels in communion were also positively associated with water retention. However, these associations were attenuated when lifestyle habits were taken into account, except for communion, which remained positively associated with water retention. A psychological approach for gender-related traits could be effective in treating premenstrual symptoms.

DOI： 10.1007/s11199-011-9992-6

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Society for Occupational Health  

Objectives: Interest in workplace bullying and harassment has been increasing in Japan. At present, the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) is one of the most frequently used questionnaires for assessing these issues. The purpose of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the NAQ. Methods: We translated the original version of the NAQ using a back-translation method. Participants in this study were recruited from 737 workers at a manufacturing company in Japan. Data were obtained from questionnaires completed by 517 respondents (response rate: 70.1%). Results: We used a cross-validation approach. A three-factor model was obtained from exploratory factor analyses. The confirmatory factor analysis for this model revealed values of 0.94, 0.91, 0.95, and 0.054 for the goodness-of-fit index, the adjusted goodness-of-fit index, the comparative fit index, and the root mean square error of approximation, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients for the NAQ scores with the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) support scores and the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire scores for respect and job security were significant (p&lt
0.001) and the direction of these associations were consistent with our expectations, with the exceptions of the correlations between the NAQ sexual harassment score and the JCQ support scores. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the scores on the entire NAQ scale and on three subscales (person-related bullying, work-related bullying, and sexual harassment) were 0.90, 0.84, 0.60, and 0.60, respectively. Conclusions: A Japanese version of the NAQ was developed and it appears to have acceptable levels of internal consistency reliability and factor- and construct-validity.

DOI： 10.1539/joh.O9011

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Okayama prefectural university  

DOI： 10.15009/00000618

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Other Link： http://id.nii.ac.jp/1212/00000618/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among menopausal symptoms, serum estradiol (E2) levels, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations and gender-related identity as measured by the Communion-Agency Scale in Japanese perimenopausal women. Forty-eight women (mean age +/- SD: 55.2 +/- 5.1 years) voluntarily participated in the study. The results revealed that unmitigated communion was positively associated with menopausal symptoms and FSH, and negatively associated with E2. Among the items of unmitigated communion, &apos;I automatically rely on others&apos; showed strong associations with the E2 and FSH levels and menopausal symptoms. The hormone data did not show any significant associations with depressive symptoms. Hormonal changes during the menopausal transition may legitimize the traditional constructions of negative femininity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.paid.2009.01.026

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN SOC OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH  

Sciences-The effectiveness of Internet-based self-help programs for insomnia is still unclear. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of an Internet-based self-help program for better quality of sleep among adult workers. Forty-three volunteers were recruited and randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=21) or a waiting-list group (n=22). The intervention group participated in a two-week Internet-based program, including selecting and daily practicing sleep-related target behaviors and monitoring those behaviors along with sleep quality. At the same time, each participant received automatically generated, personalized messages and reports both daily and weekly. A total of 12 intervention group participants and 18 waiting-list group participants completed questionnaires at baseline, post-intervention, and at a 3-wk follow-up. Subjective sleep quality was measured by a self-reported questionnaire developed for this study. The sleep quality score increased in the intervention group at post-intervention, with a significant interaction effect [F(1, 28)=5.19, p=0.031]. Sleep-related behaviors also greatly increased in the intervention group at post-intervention, with a significant interaction effect [F(1,28)=7.14, p=0.012]. Sleep-onset latency reduced in the intervention group at follow-up, with a marginally significant effect [F(1,28)=3.52, p=0.071]. The Internet-based self-help program improves subjective sleep quality and sleep-onset latency among adult workers.

DOI： 10.1539/joh.L7154

DOI： 10.1539/joh.l7154

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of gendered information (masculine and feminine) on sensory, hedonic, and familiarity ratings by Japanese female undergraduate students. Japanese green tea, Chinese sweet tea, and Chinese bitter tea were used. After listening to gendered information, participants tasted samples and scored them. The results showed that participants scored the samples of Japanese green tea as more aromatic, sweet, pleasant, and familiar when they were subjected to feminine rather than masculine information. Gendered information may influence on sensory, hedonic, and familiarity ratings. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.appet.2008.03.015

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMMONS SCIENTIFIC, LTD  

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of communication skills on stress responses, such as physiological (blink and heart rate), emotional (state of anxiety and mood), and behavioral responses (smiling and expressing an opinion) in stressful communication situations, specifically answering questions and giving a speech in Japanese and English. Participants were 32 students (16 men and 16 women; M(age) = 19.5 yr., SD = 1.3) attending a Japanese university. A high communication skills group was selected from the upper tertile scores of the Social Skills Inventory, and a low communication skills group was selected from the lower tertile scores. Analysis indicated that individuals who had high communication skills performed without heart-rate increase and with more positive attitude during stressful communication tasks. Individuals who had low communication skills displayed higher anxiety prior to the experiment than those who had high communication skills.

DOI： 10.2466/PR0.103.1.3-10

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMMONS SCIENTIFIC, LTD  

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of communication skills on stress responses, such as physiological (blink and heart rate), emotional (state of anxiety and mood), and behavioral responses (smiling and expressing an opinion) in stressful communication situations, specifically answering questions and giving a speech in Japanese and English. Participants were 32 students (16 men and 16 women; M(age) = 19.5 yr., SD = 1.3) attending a Japanese university. A high communication skills group was selected from the upper tertile scores of the Social Skills Inventory, and a low communication skills group was selected from the lower tertile scores. Analysis indicated that individuals who had high communication skills performed without heart-rate increase and with more positive attitude during stressful communication tasks. Individuals who had low communication skills displayed higher anxiety prior to the experiment than those who had high communication skills.

DOI： 10.2466/PR0.103.1.3-10

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPAN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSOC  

Background: There are no strong and consistent predictors of dietary habits although some associations have been shown with psychological factors. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between the rationality and anti-emotionality (R/A) personality and dietary consumption in a Japanese community.
Methods: The Takayama study is a community-based cohort study on diet and cancer in Gifu, Japan, and was initiated on September 1, 1992. Cross-sectional analyses were conducted on dietary and lifestyle data. The consumption of 169 food and beverage items was measured along with portion size by using a food frequency questionnaire. Questions regarding the R/A-personality scale and lifestyle habits were included in the questionnaire. The participants were 28077 adults (13082 males and 14995 females) aged 35 years and over.
Results: Both males and females with high R/A-personality scores (i.e., high degree of rational thought and emotional repression) consumed more soy products, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, and seaweed than the other participants. Males with high R/A-personality scores drank fewer alcoholic beverages, and females with high scores were found to snack less on sweet and salty foods than the other participants. Males with high R/A-personality scores showed higher consumption of meat and dairy products, and females with high scores showed higher consumption of fish, shellfish, and eggs than those with low R/A-personality scores.
Conclusion: The R/A-personality scale may differentiate dietary habits in males and females in a Japanese community.

DOI： 10.2188/jea.JE2007421

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD  

The aim of the study was to explore the association between psychosocial job characteristics and plasma fibrinogen levels among 1588 male and 1677 female Japanese workers aged 65 and younger. Sociodemographic and behavioral variables were obtained by a standardized questionnaire, which included the Japanese version of the demand-control questionnaire. Fibrinogen levels were determined with a one-stage clotting assay kit. Job strain - a ratio of demand to control - was positively associated with plasma fibrinogen (p for trend<0.05) but ANCOVA showed that the main effect was only marginally statistically significant in men. Analyses by individual job characteristics components revealed that men with a high level of job demand (Age-adjusted geometric mean (mg/dl) = 234.6, 95% Cl: 230.9-238.2) showed a higher fibrinogen level than those with other levels (middle; 227.9, 223.6-232.3, low; 224.8, 220.5-229.1) (F (2, 1584) = 6.63, p < 0.001). Adjustment for potential confounders including total cholesterol and CRP did not reduce the association. No significant association was found between psychosocial job characteristics and fibrinogen in women. The findings appear to imply a mechanism through which adverse psychosocial job characteristics lead to cardiovascular diseases in men. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.035

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

The purpose of the present study was to assess the association between job strain and smoking cessation among Japanese male employees. In 1997, a baseline questionnaire was given to 2,625 (2,113 males and 512 females) employees of an electronics firm in Gifu Prefecture, Japan. The self-administered questionnaire was a set of questions on smoking habits and consisted of items on socio-demographic variables and smoking habits, including the Japanese version of the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). The JCQ consists of scales of job control, job demand, supervisory support, coworker support, job insecurity, physical demands, and isometric load. A total of 733 male smokers were then followed for 2 years, with 446 completing a follow-up questionnaire in 1999 (follow-up rate, 61%). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between job strain and smoking cessation. Among the 446 participants, 38 had quit smoking. After adjusting for age ((odds ratio: OR) = 0.38, 95% (contidence interval: CI) = 0.15-0.94), men with a high level of physical demands at baseline showed a lower smoking cessation rate at follow-up than did those with a low level. However, when adjustments were made for age and other socio-demographic variables, the odds ratio of smoking cessation showed marginal significance (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.16-1.29). There was no significant association between other job strain variables and smoking cessation at the 2-year follow-up. No significant association was found between job strain and change in the number of smoked cigarettes per day. The present study did not support the hypothesis that higher levels of job stressors are associated with a lower rate of smoking cessation among men.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/30959

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

We conducted a randomized controlled trial involving Japanese junior college students aimed at investigating the effects of a single session of alcohol health education concerning the effects of alcohol, alcohol-related health problems, and drinking behavior. Students were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 38) or a control group (n = 33). The intervention group attended a 90-minute alcohol health education session that included demonstration of an ethanol patch test, watching videos, and a lecture by an ex-alcoholic. The control group received health education regarding smoking. The students' knowledge regarding alcohol, their drinking behavior, and problem drinking (CAGE) were measured by a self-administered questionnaire at the baseline and at a two-month follow-up. A repeated measures of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of those who completed the follow-up indicated the education sessions' significant intervention (group x time) effect on the scores related to knowledge of alcohol-related health problems (p = 0.035), with a greater increase in the scores of the intervention group at the follow-up. No significant intervention effect was observed regarding drinking behavior or problem drinking as measured by CAGE (p &gt; 0.05). Alcohol-related education can be considered an effective way to increase awareness of alcohol-related health problems, but less effective for changing drinking the behavior of Japanese junior college students.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/32874

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS  

The purpose of the present study was to examine sex differences in preferences for coffee sweetness. The participants were 59 Japanese undergraduate students. Men preferred sweeter coffee than women, while both men and women showed almost the same preference for acidic beverage sweetness. The sex difference in preferences for coffee sweetness may be related to coffee-drinking habits.

DOI： 10.2466/PMS.105.2.403-404

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：OKAYAMA UNIV MED SCHOOL  

This study examined the effects of relaxation training on salivary IgA (s-IgA) and mood state in Japanese female medical workers. Participants were enrolled and assigned to relaxation or control groups. The relaxation group Japanese female medical workers (n = 38, mean age = 33.5 years, SD = 9.6) participated in a lecture on stress for 1 h and had 10 min of relaxation training. The control group (n = 41, mean age = 35.0 years, SD = 8.6) participated in only the lecture. S-IgA was measured, and a self-report mood questionnaire administered before the lecture and then again after the relaxation training for the relaxation group. The control group was measured before and after the lecture. The results showed that s-IgA levels significantly increased after relaxation training in the relaxation group compared with the control group (p = 0.03). A marginally significant intervention effect was observed for mood state (p = 0.06); indicating that the relaxation group was more likely to reduce any fatigue and confusion than was the control group. These findings suggest that short-time relaxation training is effective in relaxing mood and causes changes in immunological function.

DOI： 10.18926/AMO/32902

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS  

Based on Bakan's (1966) theory, Helgeson (1994) presented a conceptual model of the relationships of biological sex, agency, and communion with psychological and physical well-being. This study was designed to examine the relationships of mitigated and unmitigated agency (M, M-) /communion (F, F-) with mental health in Japanese young adults. Participants were 602 (247 men, 355 women) undergraduate students and vocational school students in Japan. The average age of the participants was 20.0 years (SD=4.1). The results showed that communion (F) was positively associated with social support, unmitigated communion (F-) was strongly and positively associated with dysphoria for both men and women, unmitigated agency (M-) was also positively associated with dysphoria for women, and agency (M) was negatively associated with dysphoria for women. Both M and F were positively associated and F- was negatively associated with self-esteem for both men and women. M may moderate F-, and social support may moderate M-, for women. Thus our findings partially supported Helgeson's model.

DOI： 10.1007/s11199-007-9190-8

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The purpose of the study was to identify risk and protective factors for child-related strain among Japanese mothers. The present study focused not only on mothers’ employment status and gender role attitudes, but also on partner’s gender role attitudes. A sample of 322 married Japanese couples (mean age: 31.2 years for mothers and 34.0 years for fathers) in Gifu, Japan, completed a self-administered questionnaire concerning child-related strain, number of children, distance from their parents, employment status, educational level, marital quality, and gender role attitudes. Results from multiple regression analyses showed that, among the mother’s variables, employment status and marital quality were negatively associated with child-related strain. The number of years of education was also negatively associated with child-related strain. Except for years of education, partner’s variables did not have strong effects on child-related strain. For Japanese mothers of toddlers, working may be protective against child-related strain. © 2007, Sage Publications. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1177/1066480706293539

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The objective of this study was to examine educational levels and employment status as independent determinants of overall and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese population. Participants were 4,301 men and 6,780 women in a multi-center community-based prospective study, and data of the baseline survey was collected between 1992 and 1995. The participants were followed up until December 31, 2002 (the average follow-up period was 9.17 years). Early termination of education was associated with an increased risk of mortality from all causes for both men and women. This tendency was more prominent in women aged 59 and younger (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-12.34), after adjusting for confounding factors using the Cox proportional hazard models. Similar trends were shown for men; specifically, cardiovascular disease mortality for all men was increased by early termination of education (HR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.17-7.52) compared to later termination. For employment status, unemployed men showed increased mortality from all causes compared to white-collar workers (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.00-2.28). Female farmers and forestry workers showed reduced mortality from all causes compared to white-collar workers (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.93). Male farmers and forestry workers also showed reduced mortality from cardiovascular diseases compared to white-collar workers (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14-0.82). Educational level and employment status may affect mortality for Japanese women and men.

DOI： 10.1007/s10654-006-9049-2

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS  

The purpose of the present study was to examine the influences of gender differences and masculinity-femininity on taste thresholds and food preferences. The participants were 108 Japanese undergraduate students (44 men and 64 women); their mean age was 19.6 years (SD=1.3). Their detection and recognition thresholds for caffeine and sucrose were measured. Multiple regression analyses showed that women tended to have a lower detection threshold for caffeine than men did. The recognition threshold for caffeine was positively associated with scores for masculinity. For men, masculinity may be associated with smoking and drinking behavior, thereby resulting in a lower sensitivity for bitterness. Masculinity and femininity related to food preferences are also discussed.

DOI： 10.1007/s11199-006-9097-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

We prospectively investigated the association between psychosocial job characteristics according to the job demand-control model and the risk of mortality in a Japanese community-based working population. A baseline examination conducted from 1992 to 1995 determined the socioeconomic, behavioural, and biological risks in addition to the psychosocial job characteristics of 3178 male and 3331 female workers aged 65 and under and free from cancer and cardiovascular diseases. During the 9-year follow-up study, 157 men and 64 women died. In the follow-up, the results of Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that men with concurrent high job demands and high job control (an active job) had the lowest risk of mortality from all causes. Compared with the low demand and high control job category, the multivariate relative risk of an active job was 0.53 (95% confidence interval: 0.31, 0.89). This finding appeared largely attributable to a reduction in cancer mortality. Job characteristics were not associated with cardiovascular diseases or external causes of mortality. For women, no significant associations were observed. The findings suggest that an active job has a beneficial effect on the health of Japanese male workers. Investigating of the effect of psychosocial job characteristics on cancer might therefore provide valuable insights into the health of workers. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.028

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The present study examined the relationships of masculinity and femininity with concession in an experimental collaborative eyewitness testimony task, using the MORI technique. Participants formed same sex or mixed sex pairs and watched a videotaped event. Their eyewitness memories were assessed three times: immediately after watching, after discussing the event together, and individually 1 week later. The participants' self-confidence in their recalled memories and percentages of concessions were also examined. The Masculinity-Humanity-Femininity Scale was administered to the participants at the end of the experiment. The results showed that masculinity negatively correlated with concession, and that both masculinity and femininity were associated with inaccuracy in collaborative memory recall.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1467-839X.2006.00190.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Objectives: The present study is an investigation of the association between job stress, determined on the basis of a demand-control model or worksite social support at the baseline, and absence due to illness among employed Japanese males and females. Methods: We analyzed 448 male and 81 female subjects who had taken no sick leave in the year preceding the baseline (1997) and observed them all until 1999. A self-administered questionnaire was the source information collected. It consisted of questions on socio-demographic variables, occupations, health-related behavior, a Japanese version of the Job Content Questionnaire, and the number of absences in the year preceding both the baseline and follow-up. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine how the characteristics of a job at the baseline affected sickness absence of 5 days or longer per year; controls were established for the gender, age, level of education completed, occupation, number of cigarettes smoked daily, and the amount of alcohol consumed weekly. Results: Compared to the lowest tertile of the ratio of demand to control (job strain), the highest tertile was significantly associated with an increased risk of sickness absence of 5 days or longer per year (odds ratio 3.02; 95%CI 1.00-9.16) at follow-up. The dose-response relationship was supported (p for trend &lt; 0.05). However, individual variables of job demand, job control, and worksite social support were not significantly associated with the risk of absence from illness. Conclusions: The study provided prospective evidence that job strain leads to an increased risk of sick leave among Japanese employees.

DOI： 10.1007/s00420-005-0027-x

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Occupational Health  

"The Checklist for Evaluation of Mental Health Activities at the Workplace" was developed for workplace staff evaluating mental health activities in their own workplace. The validity and reliability of the checklist were examined and criteria for evaluation were developed for workplace/organization/companies with 50 or more employees in Japan. The checklist initially included 33 items covering seven major domains of occupational mental health, with a four-point response option, based on the Japanese Guideline for Worker Mental Health in the Workplace and a relevant literature review. A questionnaire was send to 60 members of the Occupational Mental Health Committee (OMHC) of the Japan Society for Occupational Health to ask their opinions on the checklist and on the minimum requirement for each item on the checklist; 30 (50%) responded. A random sample of 1,335 workplaces from a contractor list of workplaces for worker compensation insurance and a questionnaire was send to the personnel department to fill in the checklist; 412 (31.5%) responded and data from 335 of them with 50 or more employees were analyzed. Some OMHC members felt that one of the items (concerning the Total Health Promotion program) should be dropped; thus the checklist was revised to include 32 items, still covering the seven domains. Based on the workplace survey data, most domain scales showed internal consistency reliability at an acceptable level; explanatory factor analysis yielded a four-factor structure that was well concordant with the hypnotized seven-domain structure. Three levels of adequacy of mental health activities were set for each domain scale: "red" (inadequate), "yellow" (minimal), and "green" (adequate). One third of occupational health professionals from 49 workplaces rated the evaluation result based on the checklist as concordant with their view; 95% of them said the checklist would be useful in promoting occupational mental health activities. The study indicated that the checklist had reliability (based on internal consistency reliability) and content- and construct-validity (based on expert opinions, a factor-structure concordant with empirical data, and evaluation by workplace staff). The checklist seems useful in promoting occupational mental health activities. (San Ei Shi 2005; 47: 11-32)<br>

DOI： 10.1539/sangyoeisei.47.11

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Occupational Health  

"The Checklist for Evaluation of Mental Health Activities at the Workplace" was developed for workplace staff evaluating mental health activities in their own workplace. The validity and reliability of the checklist were examined and criteria for evaluation were developed for workplace/organization/companies with 50 or more employees in Japan. The checklist initially included 33 items covering seven major domains of occupational mental health, with a four-point response option, based on the Japanese Guideline for Worker Mental Health in the Workplace and a relevant literature review. A questionnaire was send to 60 members of the Occupational Mental Health Committee (OMHC) of the Japan Society for Occupational Health to ask their opinions on the checklist and on the minimum requirement for each item on the checklist; 30 (50%) responded. A random sample of 1,335 workplaces from a contractor list of workplaces for worker compensation insurance and a questionnaire was send to the personnel department to fill in the checklist; 412 (31.5%) responded and data from 335 of them with 50 or more employees were analyzed. Some OMHC members felt that one of the items (concerning the Total Health Promotion program) should be dropped; thus the checklist was revised to include 32 items, still covering the seven domains. Based on the workplace survey data, most domain scales showed internal consistency reliability at an acceptable level; explanatory factor analysis yielded a four-factor structure that was well concordant with the hypnotized seven-domain structure. Three levels of adequacy of mental health activities were set for each domain scale: "red" (inadequate), "yellow" (minimal), and "green" (adequate). One third of occupational health professionals from 49 workplaces rated the evaluation result based on the checklist as concordant with their view; 95% of them said the checklist would be useful in promoting occupational mental health activities. The study indicated that the checklist had reliability (based on internal consistency reliability) and content- and construct-validity (based on expert opinions, a factor-structure concordant with empirical data, and evaluation by workplace staff). The checklist seems useful in promoting occupational mental health activities. (San Ei Shi 2005; 47: 11-32)<br>

DOI： 10.1539/sangyoeisei.47.11

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Objective: Intakes of soy, fat, and dietary fiber may be associated with the symptoms of dysmenorrhea through their biological effects on estrogens or prostaglandin production. The present study was to examine the relationships between intakes of soy, fat, and dietary fiber and the severity of menstrual pain.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Setting: Three colleges and two nursing schools.
Subjects: A total of 276 Japanese women aged 19 - 24 y.
Methods: Intakes of nutrients and foods including soy products, isoflavones, fats and dietary fiber were estimated by a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Severity of menstrual pain was assessed by the multidimensional scoring system reported by Andersch and Milson.
Results: Intake of dietary fiber was significantly inversely correlated with the menstrual pain scale ( r = - 0.12, P = 0.04) after controlling for age, smoking status, age at menarche and total energy intake. Neither soy nor fat intake was significantly correlated with menstrual pain after controlling for the covariates.
Conclusions: The cross-sectional difference in dietary fiber intake across the level of menstrual pain was small in magnitude but warrants further studies.
Sponsorship: None.

DOI： 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602042

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Publisher：The Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology  

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether gender differences between pairs of eyewitnesses influence their collaborative recall. Using the MORI technique (Mori, 2003), two different images can be presented on a single screen and viewed separately by two groups of participants through polarizing filters, so that they are unaware of actually viewing two different overlapping images. The participants in this study were 48 undergraduates, assigned to one of three groups: a) eight male pairs, b) eight female pairs, and c) eight mixed-gender pairs. Wearing polarizing sunglasses, the members of each pairing observed two slightly different versions of an event projected on the same screen. The participants were asked initially to report individually on what they had observed (pre-discussion report), and then to discuss the event with the other member of the pairing and make a consensus report (post-discussion report). After one week, the participants were again asked to report individually on their recollections for the event (week-later report). The results indicated that memory performance for female pairs improved significantly in the post-discussion and the week-later reports. An increase in memory performance for male pairs was only found in the post-discussion report. However, no significant improvements in memory scores for the mixed-gender pairs were observed in any of their reports.

DOI： 10.5265/jcogpsy.3.83

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 日本産業衛生学会  

DOI： 10.1539/sangyoeisei.KJ00003804265

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS  

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of biological sex and masculinity/femininity on physiological ( blink and heart rates), emotional (anxiety and mood), and behavioral responses ( behavioral ratings of communication skills) during communication situations. Participants were 46 students in a Japanese university. They were categorized into 3 gender types-androgynous, stereotypical, and cross-gender on the Masculinity-Humanity Femininity Scale (Ito, 1978) and the Social Skills Inventory (Riggio, 1986). The communication situations consisted of 2 experimental tasks (question-asking and self-introduction in front of a video camera). These two tasks were conducted in both Japanese and English. The results suggested that the cross-gender-type participants (feminine men and masculine women) showed increased blink and heart rates. For the behavioral ratings, the cross-gender type and the androgynous gender type were judged to have better communication skills than the stereotypical gender type. There was no significant difference in emotional responses among groups. The interaction of biological sex and masculinity/femininity may be associated with interpersonal adjustment and its stress responses.

DOI： 10.1023/b:sers.0000032317.18968.7e

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD  

Objective To evaluate the relations of intakes of soy, fat and other dietary components to premenstrual symptoms.
Design Cross sectional study.
Setting Three colleges and two nursing schools.
Population One hundred and eighty-nine Japanese women aged 19 to 34 years.
Methods Intakes of nutrients and foods, including soy products and isoflavones, were estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Change in menstrual cycle symptoms were assessed by the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ).
Main outcome measures Spearman rank correlation of soy and other dietary factors with changes in MDQ scores between the follicular and the premenstrual phases after controlling for age, marital status, exercise, smoking status, age at menarche and number of days of bleeding.
Results Neither soy product nor isoflavone intake was significantly associated with change in MDQ score in the premenstrual phase. Intakes of total, saturated and monounsaturated fats were significantly correlated with change in scores for total MDQ and subscale 'pain' in the premenstrual phase after controlling for the covariates. Intake of cereals/potatoes/starches was significantly inversely correlated with a change in total MDQ score in the premenstrual phase.
Conclusions High intake of fats and low intake of foods with high concentration of carbohydrate may be associated with premenstrual symptoms.

DOI： 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00130.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS  

Blinking behavior during conversation may be different between conditions in listening and responding to questions because sifting attention from external to internal is possibly associated. The purpose of this study was to compare blinking behavior, duration, heart rates, and mental states during the tasks of listening to and responding to questions in Japanese and English. Participants were 67 (35 men and 32 women) undergraduate students. Blink rate while responding to questions in English did not differ from that while responding to questions in Japanese, but blink rate while listening to questions in English was significantly reduced compared to that while listening to Japanese. While anxiety and uneasiness were increased by the English conversation, blink rate and heart rate were decreased. Blinking behavior may be related to thinking and attention.

DOI： 10.2466/pms.98.2.463-472

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Objective: Grossarth-Maticek et al. reported that an individual's level on a rationality/antiemotionality (R/A) personality was strongly predictive of cancer, ischemic heart disease and stroke mortality. To investigate the relationships of an individual's level on the R/A personality to cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan, we conducted a population-based cohort study. Method: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 36,990 Japanese residents in September 1992. The response rate was 90.3%. Data from 13,226 males and 14,880 females were analyzed. Dates and causes of death through December 31, 1999 were obtained for deceased participants. Results: The results from multivariate hazard ratios (HRs) revealed that males scoring in the middle level compared to those scoring in the lower level of the R/A personality scale decreased their risk of death from cancer and cardiovascular diseases after controlling for covariates. Conclusions: The level on the R/A personality scale may affect mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases differently in Japan. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00046-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC PERSONALITY RES INC  

This study examined the relationships of masculinity-femininity with stress-coping skills (Ozeki, 1993) and with communication skills, measured by the Social Skills Inventory (SSI: Riggio, 1986). Participants were 916 (353 males, 563 females) undergraduate students, mean age 18.7 years, in Japanese universities. The following five types were studied: the masculine type, the feminine type, the androgynous type, the undifferentiated type, and the midmost type. Results showed that masculinity was strongly and linearly associated with the dependent variables, and femininity showed low correlation coefficients after controlling the masculinity, especially for males. For females, the androgynous type had higher communication skills and active coping skill than did the other types. The androgynous type had cumulative effects of masculinity and femininity.

DOI： 10.2224/sbp.2004.32.8.731

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Psychological Association  

The purpose of this study was to construct a scale to measure both the positive and negative aspects of communion and agency, and to examine relationships among subscales. First, 264 undergraduates, both men and women, rated themselves on 40 items, and CAS (Communion-Agency Scale) was constructed, which consisted of four subscales with 6 items each. Second, 472 undergraduates, 303 women and 169 men, completed the scale, and were assigned, according to their scores on positive communion and agency, to one of four gender types: androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. Analyses of variance for negative communion and agency, with gender types (positive communion and agency) as independent variables, were performed. Factor analysis was also performed on the data. Results indicated that higher positive communion was associated with less negative agency, and higher positive agency with less negative communion. We discussed merits of measuring positive as well as negative aspects of communion and agency.

DOI： 10.4992/jjpsy.75.420

Scopus

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japanese Psychological Association  

The purpose of this study was to construct a scale to measure both the positive and negative aspects of communion and agency, and to examine relationships among subscales. First, 264 undergraduates, both men and women, rated themselves on 40 items, and CAS (Communion-Agency Scale) was constructed, which consisted of four subscales with 6 items each. Second, 472 undergraduates, 303 women and 169 men, completed the scale, and were assigned, according to their scores on positive communion and agency, to one of four gender types: androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. Analyses of variance for negative communion and agency, with gender types (positive communion and agency) as independent variables, were performed. Factor analysis was also performed on the data. Results indicated that higher positive communion was associated with less negative agency, and higher positive agency with less negative communion. We discussed merits of measuring positive as well as negative aspects of communion and agency.

DOI： 10.4992/jjpsy.75.420

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC PERSONALITY RES INC  

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between personal levels of active and passive coping through physiological and psychological responses during stressful tasks. Participants were 78 Japanese male and female undergraduate students. They were assigned to give 3-minute speeches in Japanese and English, Their ECG and EOG were measured, and their anxiety and nervousness were assessed. Before the experiment, each participant's tendency to use active or passive coping strategies was assessed by a questionnaire. The results showed that passive coping was related to blink rate, anxiety, and nervousness. Active coping was related to nervousness. Based on the median score for passive coping, participants were classified as high (n=37) or low (n=41), The high group had a significantly increased blink rate and anxiety level compared to the low group. Passive coping strategies increased nervousness; however, active coping strategies may have had a moderating effect on nervousness.

DOI： 10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.203

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Psychology Press Ltd  

Due to the rapid ageing of the Japanese population, the demand for social services is increasing. However, these professions are not generally recognized yet. According to the report by Kawata (1984, 1986), social workers were distressed by low pay and low recognition for the profession, an inflexible, hierarchical administration system, and staff shortages. However, few studies have focused on social workers' healthy behaviours. The present study focused on the healthy behaviours of Japanese social workers and examined the relationship of these habits to masculinity and femininity, in addition to gender differences. To identify the healthy behaviours of social workers, we compared the behaviours of 32 mental health workers and 63 caregivers to those of 91 members of the general public who attended a summer course. Four questionnaires were administered: health locus of control (Watanabe, 1985), healthy behaviours (Munakata, 1996), health state, and Masculinity-Humanity-Femininity scale (Ito, 1978). The results revealed that females scored higher in masculinity than males, and females tended to assess their health state as poorer and were more active in preventive health than males. Social workers practice preventive healthy behaviours more than the general public. Between the two types of social workers, mental health workers tend to rely on medical services and believe that health and sickness are matters of luck, whereas caregivers tend to believe they can control their health by themselves. In the health locus of control, external control was more closely associated with poor health than internal control, and it was negatively correlated with masculinity. As masculinity is related to healthy behaviours, it may be an important factor influencing them. Both masculinity and femininity could be desirable, not for only better caregiving but also for the social workers' own health.

DOI： 10.1080/00207590244000160A

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS  

The purpose was to examine whether Japanese individuals were oriented toward collective and masculine values attributed to cultures by Hofstede by comparing them with those of French individuals. There were 110 French participants (54 men, 56 women) and 128 Japanese participants (41 men, 87 women), selected from undergraduate students, employed workers, housewives, and retirees. Their occupational proportion and their ranges of age were balanced in both countries. Scales for Individualism and Masculinity dealt not only with work-related but also general items for workplace, culture, education, and family. Analyses generally showed that the Japanese individuals scored higher on die Masculinity scale and French participants scored higher on the Individualism scale, There was a mean difference between Japanese men and women in how they answered questions about the work-related items concerning Masculinity.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC PERSONALITY RES INC  

This study was conducted to determine how differences of self gender-type and partner's gender-type in Japan had an effect on interpersonal stress (anxiety/uneasiness) during a conversation among mixed-sex pairs. The level of interpersonal stress was discussed in relation to blink rate. The participants were assigned to one of the following four pair types: (a) Male and female were androgenous (maleA-femaleA); (b) Male was androgenous and female was stereotypically sex-typed as feminine (maleA-femaleST); (c) Male was stereotypic ally sex-typed as masculine and female was androgynous (maleST-femaleA); (d) Both were stereotypically sex-typed (maleST-femsleST), Dependent measures were (1) Blink rate during five-minute conversation of one-minute intervals, and (2) Questionnaires (State-Trait,Anxiety Inventory I and Iceberg profile). Results suggested that participants who had a conversation with an androgynous partner reduced their interpersonal stress.

DOI： 10.2224/sbp.2001.29.4.375

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BLACKWELL PUBL LTD  

The present study compared the effects of sex, self gender type, and partner's gender type on interpersonal adjustment during a 5-min first encounter of androgynous and stereotypically sex-typed couples. The 52 subjects were assigned to one of four mixed-sex couple types: sex-typed male and female (MF); sex-typed male and androgynous female (MA); androgynous male and sex-typed female (AF); and androgynous male and female (AA). Questionnaires (the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Iceberg Profile) and subjects' behaviors during the interaction were assessed. These data were analyzed by sex, self gender type and partner's gender type using a 2 x 2 x 2 analysis of variance. Our hypothesis that androgynous individuals may have better interpersonal relationships was supported by some of our findings. Androgynous individuals may have better interpersonal adjustment.

DOI： 10.1111/1468-5884.00135

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC PERSONALITY RES INC  

The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences in communication stress responses, as they were affected by levels of linguistic ability, and measured by heart rate and blinking during a telephone communication. Nine female participants were selected as representative of die medium level of communication skills and linguistic level assessed by questionnaires. They were assigned to three conversation tasks: Japanese, English and French. The questionnaires (STAI and Iceberg Profile) were also assessed. The results showed that both blinking rate and heart rate during the English and the Japanese tasks were higher than during the French task. Results from the questionnaires showed that the highest communication stress occurred during the conversation in English.

DOI： 10.2224/sbp.2000.28.4.343

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：メディカ出版  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2013212524

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Baika Women's University  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2014396070

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Occupational Health  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：じほう  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2006013236

Publisher：The Japanese Society for Cognitive Psychology  

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether gender differences between pairs of eyewitnesses influence their collaborative recall. Using the MORI technique (Mori, 2003), two different images can be presented on a single screen and viewed separately by two groups of participants through polarizing filters, so that they are unaware of actually viewing two different overlapping images. The participants in this study were 48 undergraduates, assigned to one of three groups: a) eight male pairs, b) eight female pairs, and c) eight mixed-gender pairs. Wearing polarizing sunglasses, the members of each pairing observed two slightly different versions of an event projected on the same screen. The participants were asked initially to report individually on what they had observed (pre-discussion report), and then to discuss the event with the other member of the pairing and make a consensus report (post-discussion report). After one week, the participants were again asked to report individually on their recollections for the event (week-later report). The results indicated that memory performance for female pairs improved significantly in the post-discussion and the week-later reports. An increase in memory performance for male pairs was only found in the post-discussion report. However, no significant improvements in memory scores for the mixed-gender pairs were observed in any of their reports.

DOI： 10.5265/jcogpsy.3.83

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人日本産業衛生学会  

DOI： 10.1539/sangyoeisei.KJ00003804457

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：中部人間学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：AMER INST NUTRITION  

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DOI： 10.1023/A:1014906820573

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