Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：EDP Sciences  

This study focuses on the behavioural aspects of the occupants in Japanese office buildings. The behavioural adaptations such as window opening, heating/cooling use, clothing adjustments are important contributor factors for the adaptive thermal comfort. Therefore, understanding the behavioural aspects of the office workers can lead to have the guidelines to explain the mechanism of the adaptive model. The main aim of this study is to identify the differences in behavioural adaptation of the occupants in Japanese office buildings. Environmental parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, and so on were measured in five mixed-mode office buildings located in Aichi prefecture were analysed for 15 months’ survey with 35 occupants. Thermal comfort survey together with the occupants’ behavioural survey were conducted in these office buildings. An adaptive relationship can be derived to estimate the indoor comfort temperature estimated by Griffiths method from the prevailing outdoor temperature. The results suggest that the proportion of heating and cooling use is related to the outdoor air temperature. The proportion of clothing adjustment is different for the different modes and are correlated to the outdoor air temperature. The acknowledge of the adaptive thermal comfort and the occupant behaviour of the selected buildings will be fruitful in designing the building with maximum thermal comfort in the future.

DOI： 10.1051/e3sconf/202339601078

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103507

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of the mask wearing in evacuation shelter-analogue setting during summer season. A subject experiment was conducted to examine the effects of mask wearing on stress using electrocardiograph and environmental conditions. The subjects completed questionnaires regarding their thermal sensation, comfortability, fatigue, subjective sleepiness and “perceived difficulty breathing” consider the effect of mask wearing. Mask wearing increased “perceived difficulty breathing”, however there was no effect on the thermal sensation and comfort. Subjects who answered “comfortable” showed an increase in LF/HF with an increase in “perceived difficulty breathing”.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.88.69

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DOI： 10.11428/jhej.74.539

J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Comfort temperature is important to investigate because the chosen office indoor temperatures affect the energy used in a building, and a thermally comfortable environment makes the occupants be more productive. The effects of temperature on comfort are broadly recognized for thermal comfort. Japanese office buildings are well equipped with air-conditioning systems to improve the thermal comfort of the occupants. The main objectives of this research were to compare the winter comfort temperature in mixed mode (MM) and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) office buildings and to investigate the relationship between the comfort temperature and the indoor air temperature. This study measured the thermal environmental conditions of the office buildings and surveyed the thermal comfort of the occupants. The field survey was conducted during winter in seven office buildings located in the Aichi prefecture of Japan. In total, 4466 subjective votes were collected from 46 occupants. The result suggested that the occupants were found to be more satisfied with the thermal environment of MM buildings than that of HVAC office buildings. Overall, 95% of comfort temperatures were in the range 22~28 °C in MM and HVAC buildings, which were higher than the indoor temperature of 20 °C recommended by the Japanese government. The comfort temperature was highly correlated to the indoor air temperature of the MM buildings than to that of HVAC buildings. This indicated that the occupants were more adapted towards the given thermal environment of MM buildings.

DOI： 10.3390/en15197331

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

This study aimed to investigate the thermal environment and thermal comfort of elderly occupants living in elder care facilities and to compare the quality of sleep, in all four seasons, of these elderly occupants. A total of 16 healthy participants with a mean age of 80 ± 5 years (range, 70–87 years) were recruited in two elderly facilities, of which, 13 participated in all four measurements. The sleep parameter was measured by a wrist actigraph which the participants were requested to wear and analyzed with commercial software using the Cole–Kripke algorithm, to assign scores for sleeping and waking patterns. Both ambient temperature (Ta) and relative humidity (Rh) levels were found to be lower in the winter and higher in the summer. The Ta in the summer and Rh in the winter were not within the scope of the Japanese Standard for Maintenance of Sanitation in Buildings, as the central HVAC and air conditioners were turned off due to the absence of facility managers. More than 50% of the elderly occupants used fans and increased airflow by opening windows during the summer nights as an adaptive thermal approach. The slope of the relationship between prevailing mean outdoor temperature and indoor Ta determined in this study was similar to the adaptive model and the regression line lies over the upper limits of the adaptive model. No significant difference was found in the sleep parameter among the four seasons; however, a sex difference was found in the sleep latency and length of waking period during the sleep. The sleep parameters such as sleep efficiency indexes were significantly better for elderly women than men. The adaptive approach is not enough to improve the sleep efficiency of sleeping elderly people even within the acceptable temperature range based on the thermal comfort, especially for elderly men.

DOI： 10.3390/buildings11120574

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Psychological adaptation to ambient temperatures is fascinating and critical, both theoretically and practically, for energy efficiency in temperate climates. In this study, we investigated and compared the brain response (event-related potentials with a late positive component and latency ~300 milliseconds; labeled “P300” in the present study) and reaction times of Indonesian participants (n = 11), as tropical natives living in Japan, and Japanese participants (n = 9) in natural (i.e., hot during the summer and cold during the winter) and comfort conditions (with cooling and heating). Thermal comfort under contrasting conditions was studied using both instruments and subjective ratings. P300 potential and reaction time were measured before and after a Uchida–Kraepelin (U–K) test (30 summation lines). The results showed that P300 potential and latency did not change between the pre- and post-U–K test among conditions in any of the groups. Furthermore, Indonesian participants showed lower P300 potential (hot conditions) and slower P300 latency (hot and cooling conditions) than Japanese participants. We also found that the reaction time of the Indonesian group significantly differed between the pre- and post-U–K test in an air-conditioned environment, with either cooling or heating. In this study, Indonesian participants demonstrated a resistance to P300 and worse reaction times during work in a thermally unfamiliar season, specifically indicated by the indifferent performances among contrasting environmental conditions. Indonesian participants also showed similar thermal and comfort sensations to Japanese participants among the conditions. In the winter, when the Indonesian neutral temperature is higher than Japanese’s, the energy consumption may increase.

DOI： 10.3390/en14227598

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI  

A summer field study was conducted in two university dormitories in the Tokai region of Central Japan. The study aimed at understanding the correlation between subjective thermal responses as well as whether nationality was affecting the responses. It was observed that nationality significantly affected thermal sensitivity and preference. The occupants' acceptance for thermal stress was invariably above 90%. Despite the high levels of humidity observed, the multiple regression model showed that only the indoor air temperature was significant for explaining the variability of thermal sensation for both Japanese and non-Japanese students. The highest probability of voting neutral for university students in dormitory buildings in the Tokai region of Japan was estimated within 24 similar to 26.5 degrees C (by probit analysis). Japanese students were more sensitive to their indoor environment as opposed to the international students. The adjusted linear regression coefficient yielded from the room-wise day-wise averages were 0.48/K and 0.35/K for Japanese sensitivity and international sensitivity, respectively. In our study, the Griffiths' model of estimating comfort temperature (or thermal neutrality) showed weak predictability and notable differences from the actually voted comfort. The neutral and comfort temperature observed and estimated in the study remained invariably below the recommended temperature threshold for Japan in summer leading to believe that that threshold is worth reevaluating.

DOI： 10.3390/atmos12050566

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Authorship：Lead author  

J-GLOBAL

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Thermal comfort is crucial in satisfaction and maintaining quality sleep for occupants. In this study, we investigated the comfort temperature in the bedroom at night and sleep quality for Indonesian students during summer and winter. Eighteen male Indonesian students aged 29 ± 4 years participated in this study. The participants had stayed in Japan for about six months. We evaluated the sleep parameters using actigraphy performed during summer and winter. All participants completed the survey regarding thermal sensation, physical conditions, and subjective sleepiness before sleep. The temperature and relative humidity of participants’ bedrooms were also measured. We found that the duration on the bed during winter was significantly longer than that during summer. However, sleeping efficiency during winter was significantly worse than that during sum-mer. The bedroom temperature of the participants was in the range of comfort temperature in In-donesia. With the average bedroom air temperature of 22.2 °C, most of the participants still pre-ferred “warm” and felt “slightly comfortable” during winter. The average comfort temperature each season calculated using the Griffiths method was 28.1 °C during summer and 23.5 °C during winter. In conclusion, differences in adaptive action affect bedroom thermal conditions. Furthermore, hab-its encourage the sleep performance of Indonesian students.

DOI： 10.3390/buildings11080326

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of a cold environment on sleep, thermoregulatory responses, and subjective sensations during sleep in winter using disaster relief blankets (Blankets) and ordinary futons (Futon). The do insulations of Blankets and Futon were 1.3 clo and 3.1clo respectively, measured using a thermal manikin in advance. The average air temperature in the gymnasium before going to bed was 5.9 degrees C, while at dawn it was 3.6 degrees C. The sleep efficiency index, which was measured by actigraphy, decreased significantly in the first night when using Blankets (85%) compared to Futon (94%). The average microclimate temperature between the human body and the bedding was 21.4 degrees C for Blankets and 23.5 degrees C for Futon. The mean skin temperature was significantly lower for sleeping times using Blankets (32 degrees C) than when using Futon (32.8 degrees C). However, no significant differences in rectal temperature and heart rate were found between the Blankets and Futon. After sleep, the participants felt significantly colder for whole body and upper body when using Blankets than Futon. Sleeping in a low temperature environment using insufficient bedding such as a disaster blanket significantly lowers the mean skin temperature by decreasing skin temperature at the distal end and back. Especially, regarding the first night of an emergency evacuation, it became clear that even in healthy young men, sleep was disturbed in low temperature environments. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109562

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本建築学会  

DOI： 10.3130/aije.84.919

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

居間の断熱改修が居住者の健康にどのように影響するかを明らかにすることを目的とした。東京都内とその近郊の中古住宅に住んでいる高齢者42名(平均年齢68.7±6.2歳、59〜81歳)とその居宅29棟を対象に、居間の床暖房設置を伴う断熱改修を施工し、その前後の住環境と居住者の健康状態を測定した。居間の温度と床表面および床上10cmの温度は工事1年後に有意に上昇した。24時間血圧連続測定では全日と夜間の血圧が工事1年後に有意に低下した。1日5回の自己血圧測定では起床後と朝食後の血圧が工事1年後に有意に低下した。健康に関するアンケート調査では過活動膀胱症状とアレルギー症状が工事1年後に有意に改善された。他方、床暖房設置を伴わない断熱改修(9棟、10名、平均年齢75.1±8.3歳、61〜85歳)の場合、工事前後で血圧や健康には有意な変化がみられなかった。以上のことから床暖房設置を伴う断熱改修の居住者の健康への効果が確認された。(著者抄録)

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/index.php?module=Default&action=Link&pub_year=2019&ichushi_jid=J01129&link_issn=&doc_id=20190419480001&doc_link_id=%2Fdf8biome%2F2019%2F005504%2F002%2F0135-0154%26dl%3D0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalonline.jp%2Fjamas.php%3FGoodsID%3D%2Fdf8biome%2F2019%2F005504%2F002%2F0135-0154%26dl%3D0&type=MedicalOnline&icon=https%3A%2F%2Fjk04.jamas.or.jp%2Ficon%2F00004_2.gif

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

&nbsp;In recent years, many large-scale disasters have occurred and life in an evacuation shelter has been the subject of some focus. However, with these facilities an insufficient thermal environment is assumed, which is thought to have an adverse effect on the health of evacuated people. In previous studies, environmental factors were clarified. However, there's no research to elucidate upon the influence on the human body when a person is sleeping in a shelter. Also, until now, research on sleep in summer has been actively conducted, but in winter sleep, the actual state of sleep in a low temperature environment hasn`t been examined due to the influence of bedding etc. Therefore, sleep was investigated in shelter-analogue settings in a gymnasium in our previous study (K. Mochizuki, 2018). In this research, we aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the subjective sensation in evacuation shelters. So two bedding conditions were chosen: a pair of futons and four sheets of blankets for emergency. The insulation of the beddings and clothing were measured using a manikin in a climatic chamber. One night the subject used a pair of futons (3.1 clo : Futon) and on the other the subject used the emergency supplies of four blankets (1.3 clo : Blankets) and a set of portable partitions. Also the subjects slept with their own clothing such as a T-shirts, sweatshirts, hoodies, underpants, sweatpants, pants, and two pairs of socks (0.76 clo) during the sleep. During the night, air temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured in the area around the sleeping subjects. Sleep parameters were measured by actigraphy, where the microclimate temperature of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects were requested to respond to three questionnaires: before sleep, after sleep, and retrospective sensation during sleep. The questionnaire consisted of thermal comfort, sleep quality, subjective symptom, and fatigue. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from midnight to 7 AM in the gymnasium.<br>&nbsp;There were no significant differences in sleep efficiency index, sleep onset latency, total sleep time and total wake time between the Blankets and the Futon. However, numbers of wake epoch and sleep epoch were significantly greater using Blankets than that using the Futon. As a result, length of sleep epoch was significantly shorter using Blankets than that using the Futon. This result means that sleep was disturbed when using Blankets. The subjects felt more coldness on their head and peripheral parts of the body using the Blankets than the Futon during sleep. Moreover, fatigue was felt more on the lower back and lower extremities from using the Blankets than the Futon after sleep. When the relationships between local skin temperature and local thermal sensation were examined, foot skin temperature had a good correlation with foot thermal sensation after and during sleep. The subjective sleep evaluations by OSA questionnaire were compared between the two conditions. The standardized scores of OSA were less than 50 except when subjects were having dreams, which means a worse sleep quality evaluated by subjective sensations. Significant differences were found on the sleepiness, sleep onset and maintenance of sleep, recovery, and the length of sleep period, with which the scores were higher using Futon than using Blankets. However, the sleep efficiency index and subjective sleep evaluation by OSA questionnaire did not reveal any good correlationship. These results show that emergency supplies should be examined for their suitability to provide comfortable and healthy sleep in shelter-analogue settings.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.84.143

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=615889

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

To accurately evaluate the thermal environment during sleep, it is necessary to consider the influence of body movements. In this study an experiment in a climate chamber and a field survey in actual bedrooms was conducted. In the experiment, the thermal insulation with various combinations of sleeping postures and bedclothes, and the heat flux on the back were measured. By considering the thermal insulation and the heat conduction during sleeping, the accuracy of the thermal environment evaluation improved. As a result, it was found that there was a significant increase in wake after sleep onset away from thermal neutral.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.83.831

Scopus

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.06.022

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

Most people do not use heating systems during nocturnal sleep in their bedrooms during the cold season in Japan
instead, they like to use extra blankets and quilts for sleeping. To investigate the effect of low air temperature (Ta) on sleep and thermoregulation when sleeping with bedding, 12 healthy young men participated in sleep experiments over three non-consecutive nights. The experimental conditions were at a Ta of 3 °C, 10 °C and 17 °C, with a relative humidity (Rh) of 50% and an air velocity of &lt
0.2 m/s in the climatic chambers. The 4.3-clo bedding consisted of cotton sheets, an acrylic blanket, a down-filled quilt and a futon mattress. The average sleep efficiency index (SEI) remained &gt
94% for each of the three Tas, and no disturbances were found by Ta in the sleep parameters, although the duration of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep showed variations at 3 °C. The skin temperature (Ts) of the forehead decreased in proportion to Ta and remained stable. The decreasing rate in rectal temperature (Tre), Ts of forehead and thigh during sleep were significantly greater at 3 °C than at 10 °C and 17 °C. The innermost microclimate temperature (Tmicro) made by the bedding did not correlate with the Tre. The young men were significantly more dissatisfied with 3 °C in the sleep quality evaluation.

DOI： 10.3390/buildings8060076

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

The aim of this study was to investigate sleep in evacuation shelter-analogue settings in winter using disaster relief blankets and ordinary futons. Subject experiments were conducted to examine the sleep variables using actigraphy and the environmental conditions in a gymnasium during winter. The Sleep Efficiency Index and sleeping time decreased significantly in Hie first night when using disaster blankets. The mean skin temperature was significantly lower for sleeping times using disaster blankets. However, no significant difference in rectal temperature was found between the blankets and a pair of futons.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.83.465

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This field survey was conducted during the summer in actual bedrooms, and used polysomnography to evaluate how the thermal environment affected sleep quality. Sleep quality was evaluated by analyzing electroencephalogram, electro-oculogram, and electromyogram signals, which were measured continuously during sleep. It was found that the effect of the thermal environment i.e., air temperature, velocity and turbulence, on sleep quality varied according to the sleep cycle and stages. In relation, the effect of air turbulence depends mainly on the air temperature. Air turbulence affected sleep when temperatures were low or neutral. Under warm temperatures, air turbulence had few effect on sleep.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.83.277

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

This study was conducted to investigate the indoor thermal environment and sleep of occupants in bedrooms where air conditioners (ACs) are preferentially installed. Questionnaires were filled in and field measurements were conducted in 22 houses, with a total of 28 occupants, located in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur. The participants were requested to wear a wrist actigraphy on the non-dominant hand for three consecutive days in order to evaluate sleep by the activity of the actigraphy. The average air temperature in the bedrooms was 22.6-28.9 °C and 28.1-32.2 °C with and without AC, respectively. The average wind velocity was 0.1-0.7 m/s. Increased wind velocity was found in accordance with the increased air temperature. The relation between SET* and sleep efficiency index was examined, however, statistical significance was not found although the SEI decreased in accordance with increased SET*.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of bedding fill on the microclimate in bedding and skin temperature for appropriate thermal condition during sleep in winter. Eight healthy women participated in the experiment of daytime nap. The beddings of mattresses and comforters with either polyester filling or wool filling were compared. The skin temperature decrease in the forehead was significantly smaller in the case of wool than in the case of polyester (p &lt
0.05). This result is attributed to be the impact of moisture absorption-heat generation by expired air.

Scopus

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

The aim of this study was to investigate sleep in evacuation shelter-analogue settings in winter using disaster relief blankets and ordinary futons. Experiments with human subjects were conducted to examine the sleep variables using actigraphy and the environmental conditions in a gymnasium during winter. The sleep efficiency index and sleeping time decreased significantly in the first night when using disaster blankets. The mean skin temperature was significantly lower for sleeping times using disaster blankets than using futon. However, no significant differences in rectal temperature and heart rate were found between the blankets and a futon set. The average ratio of the low frequency (LF) to high frequency component (HF) (LF/HF) of Heart rate variability (HRV) was apt to be higher during sleeping using disaster blankets.

Scopus

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.6.0_329

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.6.0_309

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.6.0_213

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.3.0_169

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本冷凍空調学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本冷凍空調学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

During summer 2017, we conducted a field survey about environmental comfort in typical dormitory buildings in Toyohashi University of Technology in Japan. Indoor physical parameters were continuously measured and the subjects filled in questionnaires about their perception, evaluation, preference and acceptability of 7 environmental parameters several times per day. Subjective votes about clothing, activity and adaptive measures to control the indoor environment were also collected. The study aims at understanding the different comfort sensation relative to sex, ethnicity, nationality and previous climate history and to provide insight of how to improve the existing or newly built dormitory buildings so to properly accommodate ever more diversified university students.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

Thermal environment in bedrooms is still a largely neglected topic in thermal comfort research, although a thermal comfortable environment is important for sleep maintenance. Studies confirm that human body is sensitive to air temperature during sleep; even moderate heat or cold exposure decrease sleep quality significantly. In the present paper we reviewed air temperatures measured in bedroom and the effects of heat and cold exposure on sleep quality, and then proposed 5 aspects of approaches or technologies that could improve sleeping thermal environment at a low energy consumption. We concluded that there are two important research topics in sleeping thermal environment. One is to develop sleeping mode control strategy for air conditioner used in bedroom to get slight increase or to avoid decrease in room air temperature when approaching morning. The other is to control bed micro-environment energy efficiently by using of local heating, cooling and/or ventilation system. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.05.043

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：杏林書院  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI AG  

The objective of this study is to investigate the climate characteristics of Indonesian regions using an Olgyay Bioclimatic chart, a Givoni-Milne Bioclimatic chart and a Mahoney Table as the pre-design stage in the development of a passive house design standard for residential house construction in Indonesia. Jakarta was the city chosen for deep analysis, because it represents most of the Indonesian regions in terms of temperature and relative humidity. The Olgyay Bioclimatic chart showed that the climate needs a high wind velocity to counteract the vapor pressure and shading in order to reduce solar gain entering the building. The Givoni-Milne Bioclimatic chart proposed natural ventilation and shading devices, while the Mahoney Table recommends open spaces for protection against hot wind, rooms single-banked and permanent provision for air movement. The composite size of the opening at body height is better to allow the wind to counter the high levels of humidity and temperature. Heavy walls and roofs are suggested, as well as the provision of protection devices for the high amount of rainfall. Energy simulation was also done to investigate the effectiveness of the passive strategy proposed by the bioclimatic analysis. These results give a contribution as the indispensable basis for the development of a passive house standard in Indonesia.

DOI： 10.3390/buildings7010024

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

The research hypothesis was that a higher air velocity of airflow disturbed human sleep more than a lower air velocity of airflow. The experiments were conducted to determine the effect on sleep of varying airflow velocities from air conditioners, using 10 healthy young men as subjects. The mean air temperature, relative humidity, and mean radiant temperature in the rooms with both air conditioners were 26.4 (0.7) degrees C, 58 (7) %, and 26.3 (1.3) degrees C, and 26.4 (0.7) degrees C, 53 (6) %, and 26.1(0.6) degrees C for [A] and [B], respectively. The average (SD) velocity of airflow was actually 0.14 (0.25) m/s and 0.04 (0.07) m/s for [A] and [B], respectively. The maximum air velocity above the bed in the rooms and the numbers of times the airflow blows from the air conditioner [A] were 1.1 m/s and 28 times per night, respectively, and 0.3 m/s and 11 times per night, respectively, with the air conditioner [B]. Most of the results did not show a large difference in the total amount of time during each sleep stage, or a difference in the change of both mean skin and rectal temperatures between [A] and [B]; these were statistically analyzed through commonly used methods. The subjects significantly felt more of the airflow and cooler at [A] than at [B] although comfort sensation did not differ significantly. When a further analysis of the simultaneity of airflow and physiological responses had been performed, the number of times body movements, the number of times heart rate increased., and the number of times some sleep stages changed to the stage of wakefulness due to varying airflow in [A] were significantly higher than those in [B]. A higher velocity of airflow had a negative influence on sleep even though the average air velocity was less than 0.2 m/s. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.12.066

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

This study was conducted to investigate the indoor thermal environment and sleep of occupants in bedrooms where air conditioners (ACs) are preferentially installed. Field measurements and questionnaires were conducted for 22 houses, with a total of 28 occupants, located in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur. The participants were requested to wear a wrist actigraphy on the non-dominant hand for three consecutive days, except while bathing or washing hands in order to evaluate sleep by the activity of the actigraphy. The average air temperatures in the bedrooms were 22.6-28.9 degrees C and 28.1-32.2 degrees C with and without AC, respectively. The observed lowest air temperature was below 21 degrees C in a bedroom with AC. Such low air temperatures are not considered appropriate in terms of energy consumption and the occupants' physiological condition during sleep. The wind velocity of fresh air coming through the open window was found as well as when the use of a fan. From the relations among the factors of thermal environment, increased wind velocity seems to compensate for increased air temperature and increased relative humidity. The sleep efficiency index (SEI) looks decreased in accordance with increased air temperature, increased air velocity, and increased relative humidity. However, no statistical significances were found in those relationships. New effective temperature (SET*) was calculated from measured thermal factors and relation was examined with SEI.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005771

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the subjective sensation and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from Midnight to 7 AM in the gymnasium. One night the subject used a pair of futons and on the other the subject used the emergency supplies of four blankets and a set of portable partitions. During the night, air temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured in the area around the sleeping subjects. Sleep parameters measured by actigraphy, skin temperature, microclimate temperature, rectal temperature, and the heart rates of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects completed questionnaires regarding their thermal comfort and subjective sleep before and after the sleep. The subjects felt more coldness on their head and peripheral parts of the body using the emergency blankets than the futon during the sleep. Moreover, fatigue was felt more on the lower back and lower extremities from using emergency blankets than the futon after sleep. However, the sleep efficiency index and subjective sleep evaluation by OSA questionnaire did not reveal any good correlationship. The emergency supplies should be examined for their suitability to provide comfortable and healthy sleep in the shelter-analogue settings.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005774

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the sleep and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from 0 AM to 7 AM in a gymnasium. One night the subject used a pair of futons and on the other the subject used emergency supplies consisting of four blankets and a set of portable partitions. Air temperature, humidity were measured around the sleeping subjects through the night. Sleep parameters, skin temperature, microclimate temperature, rectal temperature, and heart rate of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects completed questionnaires relating to thermal comfort and subjective sleep before and after sleep. The sleep efficiency indices were lower when the subjects slept using the blankets. As the microclimate temperature between the human body and blanket was lower, mean skin temperature was significantly lower in the case of blankets.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005707

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

The nuclear power station accident resulting from the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster has resulted in a constrained electricity supply. However, in this Asian region there is high temperature and high humidity and consequently dehumidification process requires a huge amount of energy. This is the reason for the increasing energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors. Accordingly, a high efficiency air-conditioning system is needed to be developed. The desiccant ventilation system is effective to reduce energy consumption for the dehumidification process. This system is capable of dehumidifying without dew condensing unlike a conventional air-conditioning system. Then we focused on Wakkanai Siliceous Shale (WSS) as a desiccant material to develop a new desiccant ventilation system. This is low priced, high performance, new type of thing. The aim of this study is to develop a desiccant ventilation unit using the WSS rotor which can be regenerated with low-temperature by numerical calculation. The results of performance prediction of the desiccant unit, indicate that it is possible to regenerate the WSS rotor at low-temperature of between 35 -45 degrees C. In addition, we produced an actual measurement for the desiccant unit and air-conditioning unit. This air-conditioning system was capable to reduce roughly 40 % of input energy consumption.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005769

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Notwithstanding apparent differences, Japanese and Bulgarian traditional residential houses share a lot of common features - building materials, building techniques, even layout design. Despite the similarities, these two types of houses have not been compared so far. The study initiates such comparison. The focus is on houses in areas with similar climate in both countries. Current legislation requirements are compared, as well as the criteria for thermal comfort of people. Achieving high energy performance results from a dynamic system of 4 main key factors - thermal comfort range, heating/cooling source, building envelope and climatic conditions. A change in any single one of them can affect the final energy performance. However, it can be expected that a combination of changes in more than one factor usually occurs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the thermal performance of building envelope designed under current regulations and a traditional one, having in mind the different thermal comfort range in the two countries. A sample building model is calculated in Scenario 1 - Japanese traditional building fabric, Scenario 2 - Bulgarian traditional building fabric and Scenario 3 - meeting the requirements of the more demanding current regulations. The energy modelling is conducted using EnergyPlus through OpenStudio cross-platform of software tools. The 3D geometry for the simulation is created using OpenStudio SketchUp Plug-in. Equal number of inhabitants, electricity consumption and natural ventilation is assumed. The results show that overall low energy consumption can be achieved using traditional building fabric as well, when paired with a wider thermal comfort range. Under these conditions traditional building design is still viable today. This knowledge can reestablish the use of traditional building fabric in contemporary design, stimulate preservation of local culture, building traditions and community identity.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005768

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：電力中央研究所システム技術研究所  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2014.6.0_121

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2015.6.0_233

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2015.6.0_229

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2015.6.0_237

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in the seasonal thermal environment and illuminance on sleep in older men by using actigraphy. Eight healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 64 +/- 1 years served as subjects. The measurements were obtained in 4 consecutive seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The activity level and illuminance were monitored using a wrist actigraph system with illuminance meter for 5 consecutive days. Sleep parameters were determined using an actigraph-based, sleep-wake identification algorithm. The temperature and humidity in the bedroom of the subjects' homes were measured continuously for 5 days. During the actigraphic measurement, skin temperature and the temperature and humidity of the microclimate were measured continuously for 2 nights. Bedroom nocturnal Ta and humidity was significantly higher in the summer than in the other seasons. Sleep efficiency was worst in the summer due to the increased number and duration of nocturnal awakenings. However, a significant difference was not found in the subjective evaluation of sleep among the 4 seasons. The correlations between the sleep parameters and environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and illuminance levels measured at the same time showed that increased lighting level before the sleep prolongs the bedtime and wake time after sleep onset, and became wake-up time earlier. Increased ta, humidity, and lighting level during the sleep period mount up the wake time after sleep onset and impaired the sleep efficiency index. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.10.001

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

We examined 200 college students, at rest in a sitting position in an air-conditioned classroom, to investigate the differences in physiological and psychological responses between men and women in the thermoneutral zone of SET*. The percentage of women who reported suffering from the cold more often in an air-conditioned environment was higher than that of men. The number of clothing items and the clothing insulation value, estimated using International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9920 were higher for the women than for the men, based on the students' own everyday clothing choices as worn during the experiments. However, the percentage of body surface area covered by clothing worn by the women was significantly lower than that for the men. Although oral and skin temperature decreased in both men and women after 60 min of exposure to a temperature of 25 °C, the oral and skin temperatures of the women's forehead and palms were significantly lower than those in the men. Moreover, the decrease in the women's oral temperature was greater than that of the men. Women felt cooler and more uncomfortable than men did in the ASHRAE comfort zone, with SET* of 22.2–25.6 °C. Gender differences in physiological responses, and differences in the clothing typically worn by men and women, might affect psychological responses to the moderate thermal environment encountered in daily life.

DOI： 10.1618/jhes.18.011

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.51.25

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1186/2046-7648-4-S1-A129

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：杏林書院  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

The thermal environment is one of the most important factors that can affect human sleep. The effects of thermal environment on sleep stages are strongly linked to human thermoregulation, which affects the mechanism regulating sleep. In addition, sleep behavior is ordinarily an indoor activity in which people spend about one-third of their lives. Ambient thermal environment around the human body during sleep is influenced by the outdoor climate even inside the house. Year round, people can sleep naked or clothed, with or without bedding, using air conditioners or heating blankets to make the environment comfortable for sleeping. This paper describes how the thermal environment influences human thermoregulation during sleep or sleep itself as well as the relationships between sleep and thermoregulation. Moreover, in order to establish thermally comfortable environments for sleep, the effects of humid heat on sleep and thermoregulation; how to control the air conditioner, fanning, or head cooling in summer; and the effects of cold environment and bathing on sleep in winter were reviewed from recent Japanese studies.<br>

DOI： 10.11227/seikisho.50.125

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of installing well-insulated windows on the residential indoor thermal environment and the thermal comfort and health of occupants. We conducted measurement of thermal environments, occupant questionnaire about thermal comfort and surveys on physical activities of the elderly, before and after inner windows were added to inhabited houses. The survey was carried out for eight old wooden houses with elderly occupants in Yamagata City and surrounding areas. The results of our measurement and survey revealed that window renovation reduced the impact of cold outdoor air temperature on indoor thermal environment and improved thermal comfort in winter. Further, steps per day of the elderly significantly increased after renovation.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.79.1061

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

The experiments were conducted to determine the effect on sleep of varying airflow velocity from air conditioners, using 10 healthy young men as subjects. The mean air temperature, relative humidity, and mean radiant temperature in the rooms with both air conditioners were 26.4°C, 58%, and 26.2°C, respectively. The maximum air velocity above the bed in the rooms and the frequency of airflow from the wall-mounted air conditioner were 1.1 m/s and 28 times per night, respectively, and 0.3 m/s and 11 times per night, respectively, with the ceiling-mounted air conditioner. The total duration of each sleep stage, as determined by the sleep efficiency index (92.1% vs. 92.6%), did not differ significantly with the wall-mounted and the ceiling-mounted air conditioners. The number of waking events and body movements during the sleep period, as well as the increase in heart rate, was significantly lower with the ceiling-mounted air conditioner than with the wall-mounted air conditioner because the speed and frequency were less.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of installing well-insulated windows on the residential indoor thermal environment and the thermal comfort and health of occupants. We previously reported the impact of window renovation on the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort in winter, subsequently examined the effect on physical activity and health in addition to thermal comfort in elderly occupants, who were assumed to be more sensitive to indoor thermal environment. The survey was carried out in eight old wooden houses with elderly occupants in Yamagata City and surrounding areas in the northern part of Japan. The results of our survey revealed that window renovation improved the thermal comfort especially the feeling of cold drafts in bedroom. Further, the walking ability of the elderly increased after window renovation. Warmer indoor environments have the potential to encourage the elderly to engage in physical activity in their houses.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

When the standard effective temperature (SET) is applied to occupants engaged in high intensity work, it tends to regard a warm thermal environment as neutral. To reduce this error, we propose (i) a new standard clothing that provides a neutral thermal sensation in the environment at 20 °C and in calm air, and (ii) an improved two-node thermophysiological model. An equivalent SET∗ (provisional name) was calculated based on this new standard clothing, the improved two-node thermophysiological model, and a scale conversion equation. We investigated the correspondence between SET∗/equivalent SET∗ and the thermophysiological state at several activity intensity levels. The neutral value and upper safe limit given by the equivalent SET∗ were fixed at 24 °C and 40 °C, respectively, while those of the original SET∗ varied depending on the activity intensity.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of a short nap (20min) and bright light (&gt;2000 lux) in the afternoon on task switching ability (i.e., switch cost and mixing cost) and error-related negativity (Ne/ERN). The effects of a short nap and bright light on task switching performance have been less reported despite the importance and frequency of task switching as a common activity in many occupational situations. Sixteen volunteers performed a switching task twice a day (12001330h and 14301600h). Participants completed a total of four experimental conditions (control, short nap, bright light, and short nap with bright light). A short nap was taken during the break between the first and second tasks. During the second task, bright light treatment was applied in two of the four conditions. A short afternoon nap improved task-switching performance (i.e., switch cost) and enlarged Ne/ERN amplitude. No effects were found for light conditions on task-switching performance and Ne/ERN amplitude. The results suggest that: (i) a short afternoon nap improves executive functions and self-monitoring that involve the prefrontal cortex; and (ii) the effect of bright light on task-switching performance is smaller compared to a short nap.

DOI： 10.1111/sbr.12013

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：NATL INST OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH, JAPAN  

"Flow" is a positive emotional state which typically occurs when a person perceives a balance between the challenges associated with a situation and his or her capabilities to accomplish these demands. While flow often occurs along with positive feelings and high introspective performance, only a few studies have investigated how it is associated with cognitive performance (i.e., objective performance). In the present study, we investigated the relationship between flow, emotions, and cognitive performance. A short nap (20 min) and bright light (&gt;2,000 lux) techniques were used as experimental manipulations to enhance flow. Fifteen participants (31.3 +/- 7.19 yr old) took part in four experimental conditions: rest, short nap, bright light, and nap and bright light. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for flow and other indices using standardized data. Results showed that flow scores significantly increased after a short nap and under bright light exposure. The correlations between flow and reaction time were also significant. Flow was significantly associated with positive emotion and sleepiness. These results suggest that a short nap and bright light can be employed as a flow facilitator and that flow status can be used as an indicator in evaluating work efficiency and occupational mental health.

DOI： 10.2486/indhealth.MS1323

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The present study aims to understand the effects of interindividual differences in thermal comfort on the relationship between the preferred temperature and the thermoregulatory responses to ambient cooling. Thirteen young women subjects chose the preferred ambient temperature (preferred T-a) in a climate chamber and were categorized into the H group (preferring &gt;= 29 degrees C; n=6) and the M group (preferring &lt; 29 degrees C; n=7). The H group preferred warmer sensations than the M group (P &lt;0.05) and the average of preferred T-a was 27.6 degrees C and 30.2 degrees C in the M group and H group, respectively. Then all subjects were exposed to temperature variations in the climate chamber. During T-a variations from 33 degrees C to 25 degrees C, the H group felt colder than the M group, although no difference was noted in the T-sk (mean skin temperature) and Ts-hand between the 2 groups. From the view of the relationship between the T-sk and thermal sensation, although the thermal sensitivity to the T-sk was almost similar in the H and M groups, the H group might have lower threshold to decreasing T-a than the M group. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2011.10.012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The present study examined effects of a short nap (20 min) and/or bright light (2000 lux) on visual search and implicit learning in a contextual cueing task. Fifteen participants performed a contextual cueing task twice a day (1200-1330 h and 1430-1600 h) and scored subjective sleepiness before and after a short afternoon nap or a break period. Participants served a total of four experimental conditions (control, short nap, bright light and short nap with bright light). During the second task, bright light treatment (BLT) was applied in the two of the four conditions. Participants performed both tasks in a dimly lit environment except during the light treatment. Results showed that a short nap reduced subjective sleepiness and improved visual search time, but it did not affect implicit learning. Bright light reduced subjective sleepiness. A short nap in the afternoon could be a countermeasure against sleepiness and an enhancer for visual search.

DOI： 10.1080/00140139.2012.715681

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

The rectal temperature of a sleeping human in 3 °C-, 10 °C-, and 17 °C-environments was analyzed by a human thermal model incorporated with total thermal insulation measured using a motionless thermal manikin. The analyzed temperature increased, while the measured rectal temperature decreased gradually during 6-7 h sleep. This disagreement can be explained by the difference in the total thermal insulation between a sleeping human with some motions and a motionless thermal manikin. We deduced the total thermal insulation correction factors for the sleeping human compared with the total thermal insulation for the motionless thermal manikin. These values were about 0.71 (3 °C), 0.58 (10 °C), and 0.39 (17 °C). Since the bedclothes provided higher thermal insulation to the sleeping human in colder environments, we concluded that human motion as a means of behavioral thermoregulation adjusted the thermal insulation of bedclothes.

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Recently, due to global warming and the heat-island effect, more and more people are exposed to the dangers of heat disorders. A hot thermal environment can be evaluated using various indices, such as new Standard Effective Temperature (SET.) using the 2-Node Model (2 NM), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), Predicted Heat Strain (PHS) model, and so on. The authors aim to develop a safety evaluation approach for hot environments. Subject experiments are performed in a laboratory to comprehend the physiological response of the human body. The results are compared with the computed values from the 2 NM and PHS models, and improved the sweating model in 2 NM in order to take into account the relationship with metabolic rate. A demonstration is provided of using the new sweating model for evaluating thermal safety in a hot environment. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.12.012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The effects of season on sleep and skin temperature (Tsk) in 19 healthy, elderly volunteers were investigated. Measurements were obtained in summer, winter, and fall, and activity levels were monitored using a wrist actigraph system for five consecutive days. The temperature and humidity of the bedrooms of the subjects&apos; homes were measured continuously for five days. During actigraphic measurement, Tsk during sleep was measured for two nights. The bedroom temperature and humidity significantly increased in summer compared to winter and fall. In summer, the total sleep time decreased (mean +/- SE min; summer, 350.8 +/- 15.7; winter, 426.5 +/- 14.2; fall, 403.2 +/- 16.4) and wakefulness increased (P &lt; 0.003) compared to those in fall or winter. The sleep efficiency index that was derived from wrist actigraphy was significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.001) in summer (81.4 +/- 2.9%) compared with winter (91.6 +/- 1.3%) or fall (90.2 +/- 1.2%). The forehead Tsk significantly increased, while the chest and thigh Tsks were decreased in summer compared to those in fall or winter. These results suggest that, in the elderly, sleep is disturbed in summer more than in other seasons, and that this disturbance is related to fluctuations in Tsk.

DOI： 10.1007/s00484-009-0291-7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

In order to clarify the thermal psychological and physiological response of the human body in hot outdoor environments, subject experiments were conducted in a climate chamber during summer and winter. Even though the experimental conditions are the same in summer and winter, seasonal differences are found in the thermal psychological and physiological response. The comfortable skin temperature calculated using the regression method is well matched with the Griffiths' method. When the actual skin temperature shifts from the comfortable level, the risk of overheating increases. This might be a useful index for predicting the overheating risk in hot outdoor conditions.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

To study the effects of cool airflow on sleep, human subject experiments were conducted on 10 healthy young men. The desired environmental conditions were attained by using (i) a normal air-conditioner fastened to the wall in one evaluation room and (ii) a new ceiling air-conditioner in another room. The new ceiling air-conditioner exhaust dispersed airflow from a 2-piece ceiling panel (1800×900mm) covered with a 3-dimensional knit fabric, such that the airflow from the air-conditioners was not directly perceived. The mean air temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, and air velocity in the evaluation rooms were 26.4℃, 58%, 26.3℃, and 0.14m/s, respectively, with the normal air-conditioner and 26.4℃, 53%, 26.1℃, and 0.04m/s, respectively, with the ceiling air-conditioner. The PMV (predicted mean vote) was -0.3 (0.7met, 1.15clo) in both the evaluation rooms. The maximum air velocity above the bed in the evaluation rooms and the frequency of airflow were 1.1m/s and 28 times per night, respectively, with the normal air-conditioner and 0.3m/s and 11 times per night, respectively, with the ceiling air-conditioner. The comfort sensation and the total duration of each sleep stage did not differ significantly with the normal and the ceiling air-conditioners. However, the subjects in the room with the normal air-conditioner felt a stronger draft and reported being a little colder. The skin temperature on the forehead, arm and hand that were not covered with the bedding clothes decreased due to cool airflow in the room with the normal air-conditioner. The number of waking, body movements, and the increase in heart rate were significantly lower with the ceiling air-conditioner than with the normal air-conditioner. The cool airflow produced by the normal air-conditioner was considered to disturb the sleep. Our results suggested that the new ceiling air-conditioner secured better sleep.

DOI： 10.18948/shase.35.161_19

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生理人類学会  

DOI： 10.20718/jjpa.15.2_46_7

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

The effects of cold exposure on heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep were examined. Eight male subjects slept under three different conditions: 3A degrees C, 50-80% relative humidity (RH) [3]; 10A degrees C, 50% RH [10]; and 17A degrees C 50% RH [17]. No significant differences were observed in HRV during rapid eye movement sleep (REM) and wakefulness. The ratio of the low frequency (LF) to high frequency component (HF) of HRV (LF/HF) significantly differed among the conditions during stage 2 and slow wave sleep (SWS) that decreased as the ambient temperature decreased. The normalized LF [LF/(LF + HF)] significantly decreased in 3 and 10 than in 17 during SWS. In low ambient temperature, predominant cardiac parasympathetic activity during stage 2 with no significant difference during REM and wakefulness may cause variations in HRV at transition from stage 2 to REM and wakefulness. These results may partly explain the peak in adverse cardiac events during winter.

DOI： 10.1007/s00421-008-0889-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

To investigate thermal responses of children during cold exposure, children and their mothers were exposed to identical environmental conditions in climatic chambers. Subjects comprised 14 mothers (age, 29-40 years) and 15 children (age, 15 months-3 years; 9 boys, 6 girls). Each mother and child wore a t-shirt and short pants over underwear. Subjects were initially seated in a chamber at 25 degrees C for 60 min, then moved to a chamber at 15 degrees C where they were seated for 30 min. During the recovery period, they were returned to the 25 degrees C chamber and kept there for an additional 30 min. During exposure to 15 degrees C, declines in skin temperature (T(s)) of the hand and foot were significantly greater in children than in mothers. Rectal temperatures (T(re)) of children increased during cold exposure, whereas T(re) of mothers decreased. This variation in T(re) in children might be linked to homodynamic alterations accompanied by greater decreases in T(s) of the extremities due to a greater degree of vasoconstriction in distal regions during cold exposure. Increases in T(re) during cold exposure for children correlated with body surface area to mass (Ab/mass), mass and decreases in T(s) of the abdomen, thigh and leg. During the rewarming period, children exhibited a greater increase in T(s) of the arm, hand and foot than mothers, and this was attributed to greater relaxation of vasoconstriction in distal regions of children during exposure to the thermoneutral environment. T(re) in children and mothers decreased during the rewarming period. A gender difference was found only with regard to T(re) and heart rate (HR) responses in children during cold exposure, and neither physical characteristics nor any T(s) differed between genders. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in resting HR of mothers and girls, whereas boys showed significantly lower heart rates at 15 degrees C than at 25 degrees C.

DOI： 10.1007/s00421-008-0730-x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC,  

In order to develop a computational thermal manikin to enable the prediction of the thermal sensation of an occupant in a non-uniform environment, in a previous paper (Zhu et al. 2007) we proposed and examined a simulation method combining Smith's human thermal physiological model with convective and radiant simulation by applying the proposed method to calculate the sensible heat transfer over the body surface of an occupant located in several radiant environments with an air temperature of 28 degrees C However, the simulation results greatly underestimated the skin temperatures at the limbs, even in uniform conditions, due to the improper modeling of the Arteriovenous Anastomose phenomenon in Smith's model. Accordingly, a new human thermal physiological model, Sakoi's model (Sakoi et al. 2005a, 2006a), was developed with a three-dimensional body configuration similar to Smith's model and a thermo-regulatory mechanism by Yokoyama (1993). In this paper, Sakoi's model is coupled in the simulation of convection, radiation, and moisture transport to calculate the total (sensible and latent) heat transfer from a seated human body in uniform and front-back asymmetric radiant environments, which were introduced in the previous paper (Zhu et al. 2007). The comparison to the corresponding results of the subject experiments and the coupled simulation using Smith's model in terms of skin temperatures indicates that the prediction accuracy of the numerical simulation is greatly improved as a whole, especially at the limbs; however, it deteriorates around the face and body parts facing cold panels when using Sakoi's model.

DOI： 10.1080/10789669.2008.10391025

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Airflow is an effective way to increase heat loss an ongoing process during sleep and wakefulness in daily life. However, it is unclear whether airflow stimulates cutaneous sensation and disturbs sleep or reduces the heat load and facilitates sleep. In this study, 17 male subjects wearing short pyjamas slept on a bed with a cotton blanket under two of the following conditions: (1) air temperature (Ta) 26 degrees C, relative humidity (RH) 50%, and air velocity (V) 0.2 m s(-1); (2) Ta 32 degrees C, RH 80%, V 1.7 m s(-1); (3) Ta 32 degrees C; RH 80%, V 0.2 m s(-1) (hereafter referred to as 26/50, 32/80 with airflow, and 32/80 with still air, respectively). Electroencephalograms, electrooculograms, and mental electromyograms were obtained for all subjects. Rectal (Tre) and skin (Ts) temperatures were recorded continuously during the sleep session, and body-mass was measured before and after the sleep session. No significant differences were observed in the duration of sleep stages between subjects under the 26/50 and 32/80 with airflow conditions; however, the total duration of wakefulness decreased significantly in subjects under the 32/80 with airflow condition compared to that in subjects under the 32/80 with still air condition (P&lt; 0.05). Tre, Tsk, Ts, and body-mass loss under the 32/80 with airflow condition were significantly higher compared to those under the 26/50 condition, and significantly lower than those under the 32/80 with still air condition (P&lt; 0.05). An alleviated heat load due to increased airflow was considered to exist between the 32/80 with still air and the 26/50 conditions. Airflow reduces the duration of wakefulness by decreasing Tre, Tsk, Ts, and body-mass loss in a warm humid condition.

DOI： 10.1007/s00484-007-0120-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

This study aimed at investigating the thermal comfort for the whole body as well as for certain local areas, skin temperatures, and sensible heat losses in various asymmetric radiant fields. Human subject experiments were conducted to assess the overall comfort sensation and local discomfort, and local skin temperatures were measured. Through thermal manikin experiments, we discovered a new method for the precise measurement of the local sensible heat loss in nonuniform thermal environments. The local sensible heat losses were measured by the use of a thermal manikin that had the same local skin temperatures as the human subjects. The experimental conditions consisted of the anterior-posterior, right-left, and up-down asymmetric thermal environments created by radiation panels. A total of 35 thermal environmental conditions were created ranging from 25.5 to 30.5 degrees C for air temperature, from 11.5 to 44.5 degrees C for surface temperature of radiation panels, from 40% RH to 50% RH for humidity, and less than 0.05 m/s for inlet air velocity to the climatic chamber. The local skin temperature changed depending on the environmental thermal nonuniformity, even if the mean skin temperature remained almost the same. It is essential to use the skin temperature distribution as well as mean skin temperature for expressing thermal comfort in nonuniform environments. The local sensible heat loss changed depending on the environmental thermal nonuniformity, even if the mean sensible heat loss remained almost the same. The relationship between the local skin temperature and local sensible heat loss cannot be depicted by a simple line; instead, it varies depending on the environmental thermal nonuniformity. The local heat discomfort in the head area was dependent on both the local skin temperature and local sensible heat loss. However, the local cold discomfort in the foot area was related only to the local skin temperature. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.050

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

This study was aimed to give new empirical equations for predicting the overall thermal comfort and local thermal discomfort for sitting people in the non-uniform thermal environment. The aimed equations were derived by the multiplying local thermal states calculated using the local skin temperatures and local dry (sensible) heat losses, which had been reported in the previous papers in this series. The empirical equations are applicable to evaluate the overall thermal comfort, thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body, and thermal discomfort for cold foot (including the leg in the same side) and/or cold whole body for sitting people in the non-uniform thermal environment. The characteristics of the equations can be summarized as follows. The level of the overall thermal comfort decreased when the whole body was extremely heated or cooled and the distribution of the thermal states similarly deviates from a fixed distribution. According to this fixed distribution, the level of the overall thermal comfort will become higher when a human is located in a uniform environmental condition, and decrease together with the increase in the front/back and right/left asymmetries. However, this distribution also indicates that the precision of the equation will decrease when in the up/down asymmetric conditions. The level of the thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body characteristically will increase with the extent of heat in the head and the whole body. The level of the thermal discomfort for cold foot and/or cold whole body will characteristically increase with the extent of coldness in the foot and the whole body. In order to validate these three empirical equations, experiments were conducted under the up/down asymmetry radiant environment with the clothing condition different from the basic experiments. With regard to the overall thermal comfort, although the calculated comfort levels were similar to the mean levels of the whole subjects, in some cases, the equation cannot sufficiently reflect the influence of the up/down asymmetries. With regard to the thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body, both calculated discomfort level and measured level were generally small under the experimental conditions and they took the similar values. With regard to the thermal discomfort for cold foot and/or cold whole body, the equation was inclined to overestimate the discomfort level for male subjects, and contrarily for female subjects. However, the calculated levels agreed with the mean levels for the whole subjects, and also, it showed the same inclination on the change of the discomfort level corresponding to the environmental conditions, just as that found in the experiment.

DOI： 10.18948/shase.32.126_1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV  

This paper proposes expressions for overall thermal comfort, thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body, and thermal discomfort for cold foot (foot and leg) and/or cold whole body for the sitting posture under steady state in a non-uniform thermal environment. These expressions are based on local skin temperatures, local sensible heat losses, overall comfort sensation and local discomfort sensation under anterior/posterior, right/left, and up/down asymmetric radiation fields (Sakoi et al 2006). As an indicator of the local thermal state, a local function, employing the local skin temperature and the local sensible heat loss, was defined. The overall thermal comfort and thermal discomfort factors were expressed in terms of power functions using the local functions and their mean value. The overall thermal comfort characteristically decreased with whole body heating and cooling as well as with the deviation from a fixed ratio among the local functions. The thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body characteristically increased with the heat level in the head area and the whole body. The thermal discomfort for cold foot and/or cold whole body characteristically increased with the extent of coldness in the foot area and the whole body.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV  

Recently, the outdoor thermal environment in urban areas has deteriorated during summer. There is a potential for serious consequences, such as "heat disorders", arising under such harsh hot outdoor environments. Many researchers are seeking to evaluate the thermal environment in urban, outdoor or semi-outdoor areas. These tend to be evaluated as Standard Effective Temperature (SET*), using the 2-Node Model (2NM), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), Predicted Heat Strain Model (PHS Model) and so on. The authors aim to develop an index for hot outdoor environments, and the purpose of this paper is the verification of the 2NM and PHS models. Experiments involving human subjects are performed in a laboratory to understand the physiological response of the human body to heat. The results are understand with the computed values from the 2NM and PHS models. Additionally, the relationship between the metabolic and sweating rates is presented and modification to the sweating model in 2NM is discussed.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

The validity of thermal indices expressed in local environmental temperature, which signify the influences of plural local thermal factors, such as partial operative temperature, local equivalent temperature, etc. was investigated in order to evaluate the non-uniform thermal environment. It was ascertained that due to a variety of heat transfer rates at skin surfaces these indices can express local thermal states only in limited situations. Based on this idea, this series of study intend to obtain an evaluation and prediction method of human thermal comfort involved a sitting posture in non-uniform thermal environments. We planned to make express thermal comfort in terms of both local skin temperatures and local dry (sensible) heat losses. The results will be combined with a human thermal model that predicts local skin temperatures and local dry heat losses. Human subject experiments under radiant fields were carried out in a thermal booth (2,120mm×1,830mm×1,830mm) installed in a climatic chamber. The temperatures of a pair of opposite surfaces of the booth, i.e., floor and ceiling, front and rear panels, right and left parnels, were controlled independently through water circulation. A total of thirty-five thermal environmental conditions were created within ranges from 25.5℃ to 30.5℃ for air temperature, from 11.5℃ to 44.5℃ for temperature of radiation panels, from 40%RH to 50%RH for humidity, and less than 0.05m/s for inlet air velocity to the booth. A total of thirty-six subjects (18 men and 18 women) took part in the experiments. The subject was exposed to the condition for one hour while sitting in a low-insulative chair located at the center of the booth. Skin temperatures at twenty-five locations over the body surface were measured continuously, and both thermal and comfort sensations for overall and local area were recorded at intervals of 10 minutes. The following conclusions were obtained; 1) Skin temperature distribution changed depending on the magnitude of asymmetric radiant fields even if overall mean skin temperature was kept at almost constant value. 2) Increased magnitude of the radiant fields decreased the overall thermal comfort of the human subjects. 3) The local thermal discomfort was observed especially due to heat in the head area and due to coldness in the feet area respectively. 4) It is essential to use skin temperature distribution as well as mean skin temperature in order to express thermal comfort in non-uniform environments.

DOI： 10.18948/shase.31.112_23

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning & Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

Human thermal comfort largely depends on the thermal physiological state formed through heat transfer between the human and the surrounding environment. Therefore, it is important to clarify the characteristics of heat transfer distribution of the human body as well as those of skin temperature distribution for evaluating non-uniform thermal environments. Heat flow sensors and thermal manikins have been used to measure local heat losses of the human body. However, due to the complexity of the human body shape, heat flow sensors present difficulties when selecting where or how to attach them to the skin in order to obtain accurate repeatable data. With regard to the thermal manikin's measurement, as the local heat loss is dependent on the relationship between the thermal environment including the clothing and local skin temperature which was set on the surface of the thermal manikin, the skin temperature setting for the thermal manikin is very important. We proposed a measurement method of heat flow by use of the thermal manikin in the setting of the experiment. Generally thermal manikins have been used to measure skin temperature at constant heat flow, heat flow at the constant skin temperature or both heat flow and skin temperature by use of the comfort mode on the physical characteristics of the manikin. As we had already measured local skin temperatures for the human subjects in the first session of this study, the surface temperature of the thermal manikin was set at the same skin temperature for the local area, and the local heat flow was measured with the manikin in the same environmental conditions in the thermal booth in the climatic chamber. From the experiments. the following conclusions were obtained; 1) Local dry (sensible) heat loss changed depending on the environmental thermal non-uniformity, even if overall mean dry heat loss was kept at almost constant value. 2) Overall average dry heat loss is not always a sufficient index to express thermal comfort in a non-uniform thermal environment. It is essential to consider other factors like local sensible heat loss, mean skin temperature, local skin temperature, etc. along with the overall average dry heat loss. 3) Sensation of hot and discomfort in the forehead changed in accordance with both changes in local skin temperature and local dry heat loss. However, sensation of cold and discomfort in the dorsum of the foot changed depending on a single parameter only i.e., local skin temperature.

DOI： 10.18948/shase.31.115_1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV  

In this study, the authors have proposed a three-dimensional human thermal model for predicting the local values of skin temperature, sweat rate, sensible heat loss and latent heat loss. For this model, a three-dimensional shape of the Smith model (1991) was adopted. The blood flow was not controlled through the dilation and constriction of the vessels of the model, while the blood perfusion rate for the skin tissue was manerically changed under a fixed volume of the vessels, as demonstrated in previous models (Stolwijk 1971, etc). The calculated results were compared with the measured local skin temperatures in a sitting posture under a uniform condition around the neutral state. The local skin temperature calculated around the hand region was lower than the measured value; however, the calculated and measured values in the other local areas agreed as a whole.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The aim of this study was to investigate any effects of electric blanket on sleep stages and body temperature. Nine male subjects slept under two conditions: using the electric blanket (HB); and not using the electric blanket (C). The ambient condition was controlled at 3 degrees C relative humidity 50-80%. Electroencephalography, electrooculography (EOG) and electromyography, rectal temperature, skin temperature and microclimate temperature and humidity were recorded continuously through the night. Body weight was measured before and after sleep. The amount of stage 1 and number of stage 1 and rapid eye movement sleep decreased in HB compared to C. No significant difference was observed in other sleep stages. Rectal temperature was higher in HB compared to C. The thigh, leg and foot skin temperature was higher in HB than C. The microclimate temperature of the foot area was higher in HB compared to C. No significant difference was observed in whole body sweat loss between the conditions. These results suggest that use of an electric blanket under low ambient temperature may decrease cold stress to support sleep stability and thermoregulation during sleep.

DOI： 10.1080/00140130500120874

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

This study sought to investigate the effects of humid heat exposure in later sleep segments on sleep stages and body temperature in humans. The subjects were eight healthy males, from whom informed consent had been obtained. The experiments were carried out under three different sets of conditions: a control climate [ air temperature (Ta)= 26 degreesC, relative humidity (RH) = 50%] (C); a humid heat climate (Ta= 32 degreesC, RH= 80%) ( H); and a humid heat exposure in later sleep segments ( C for the first 3 h 45 min, followed by a 30-min transition to H, which was then maintained for the last 3 h 45 min) (C - H). Electroencephalogram, EOG, and mental electromyogram, rectal temperature (Tre), and skin temperature (Tsk) were continuously measured. The total amount of wakefulness was significantly increased in H compared to C - H or C. Compared to C, wakefulness in C - H and H was significantly increased during later sleep segments. Tre and mean Tsk were significantly higher in H than in C - H or C. In C - H, Tsk and Tre increased to levels equal to those observed in H after Ta and RH increase. Whole body sweat loss was significantly lower in C - H and C than in H. These results suggest that humid heat exposure in the later sleep segment reduces thermal load as compared to full-night humid heat exposure. In daily life, the use of air conditioning in the initial sleep hours can protect sleep and thermoregulation.

DOI： 10.1007/s00484-004-0237-z

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The effects of partial humid heat exposure applied at different segments of sleep on sleep stages and body temperature were examined. In the first experiment, eight male subjects slept under 26 degreesC 50% (26) and 26 degreesC for the first 3 It and 45 min followed by a 30-min transition to the conditions of 32 degreesC 80%, which was maintained for the final 3 h and 45 min (26-32). Wakefulness increased significantly over the last 4 h under 26-32 compared to 26. Mean skin temperature and clothing microclimate temperature (Tcm) were significantly higher during the last 3 h and 45 min, while rectal temperature (Tre) was higher during the last 3 h under 26-32 than in 26. In the second experiment, eight male subjects slept under 26 degreesC 50% (26) and 32 degreesC 80% for the first 3 h and 45 min followed by a 30-min transition to 26, which was then maintained for the last 3 h and 45 min (32-26). Wakefulness increased both in first and during the last 4 It, and slow wave sleep (SWS) decreased in the first 4 h under 32-26 compared to 26. Mean Tsk was significantly higher during the first 4:15 It. Tern decreased in 32-26 compared to 26 just after the 30-min transition due to cooling effects. Tre was higher during the first 5 h under 32-26 compared to 26. These results suggest that humid heat exposure during the initial segment of sleep may be more disruptive to sleep stage distribution, Tre decline, and maintenance of Tcm than the same exposure during the later sleep segments. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.09.009

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mild heat exposure on sleep stages and body temperature in older men. Ten healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 69.2+/-1.35 years served as subjects. The experiments were carried out under two different sets of conditions: 26 degreesC 50% relative humidity (RH) and 32 degreesC 50% RH. The subjects slept from 2200 hours to 0600 hours with a cotton blanket and wearing short-sleeve pajamas and shorts on a bed covered by a sheet. Electroencephalogram, electro-occulogram and mental electromyogram recordings were made through the night. Rectal and skin temperatures were measured continuously. No significant differences were observed in sleep onset latency. In time spent in each sleep stage, wakefulness was significantly increased at 32 degreesC than at 26 degreesC. The total amount of wakefulness increased and rapid eye movement sleep (REM) decreased at 32 degreesC compared to 26 degreesC. The fall in rectal temperature was significantly suppressed and the mean skin temperature was significantly higher at 32 degreesC than at 26 degreesC. These results suggest that, for older men, even mild heat exposure during the nighttime sleep period may increase thermal load, suppress the decrease of rectal temperature, decrease REM, and increase wakefulness and whole-body sweat loss.

DOI： 10.1007/s00484-004-0209-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Nine healthy young male volunteers were recruited to participate in a study involving three non-consecutive nights of polysomnographically and thermoregulatory measured sleep. Nightly urine samples were assayed for the melatonin metabolite 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s). Experimental conditions were 26degreesC 50% RH (26/50) and 32degreesC 80% RH (32/80), where the subjects wore pyjamas with cotton blanket. Rectal temperature (T-re) did not decrease during nocturnal sleep at 32/80. The duration of wakefulness and stage 1 sleep increased significantly at 32/80 compared to 26/50. Stage 2 and 4 sleeps were significantly shorter at 32/80 than at 26/50. Although there was no significant difference in urinary aMT6s between 32/80 and 26/50(n = 6), the melatonin metabolite secretion tended to be lower at 32/80 than at 26/50 in accordance with the decrease in sleep efficiency index. Heart rate and sweat rate were significantly higher at 32/80 than at 26/50. The acute decrease in melatonin secretion during nocturnal sleep may be related to reduce sleep efficiency through thermoregulatory mechanisms. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2003.10.003

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DOI： 10.1111/j.1468-5884.2004.00234.x

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG  

The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of head cooling on human sleep stages and body temperature. Nine healthy male volunteers with a mean age of 25 +/- 3.77 years served as subjects. The experiments were carried out under three different sets of conditions: 26 degreesC, relative humidity (RH) 50% (26/50); 32 degreesC, RH 80% (32/80); and 32 degreesC RH 80% with the use of a cooling pillow (32/80 HC). The subjects slept from 2300 hours to 0700 hours with a cotton blanket, wearing short-sleeved pyjamas and shorts on a bed, which was covered with a sheet. Electroencephalograms, electro-ouclogram, and mental electromyelograms were recorded through the night. Rectal temperature (T-re) and skin temperature (T-sk) were measured continuously. Whole-body sweat and the tympanic temperature (T-ty) were measured before and after sleep. Wakefulness significantly increased at 32/80 than at 26/50; however, no significant difference was observed between 32/80 HC and 26/50. T-re and mean T-sk were higher both at 32/80 and 32/80 HC than at 26/50. The whole-body sweat loss was significantly greater and T-ty in the morning was higher at 32/80 than 32/80 HC and 26/50. These results suggest that head cooling during sleep may help to decrease the whole-body sweat rate during sleep under humid heat conditions.

DOI： 10.1007/s00484-003-0181-3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Polymer Science, Japan  

DOI： 10.1295/kobunshi.50.530

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Biometeorology  

Thermal environments and indoor air quality in the twelve houses were investigated in a rural area. The following results were found: Only the living rooms were warmed and these rooms were usually heated by the use of a kerosene space heater and a "kotatsu", a traditional Japanese box heater using electricity. The higher the air temperature, the higher the carbon dioxide (CO2) in the living rooms. In the living room, during the evening family time, the air temperatures were 7-16&deg;C. The air temperatures in the bedroom and toilet were below 5&deg;C during the sleeping period. The rate at which the air was naturally changed in the living room, was about 0.9 times/h which was calculated from the decrease in the CO2 concentration during the sleeping time. The rate of the vertical temperature difference to the difference between indoor and outdoor air temperature was one-third, which reflects the low level of insulation and air tightness in conventional houses. The clothing insulation of the elderly occupants was about 1.6 clo, which requires 16&deg;C room temperature to maintain the thermoneutral conditions. The lower room temperature suggests that the occupants need to use the local heating "kotatsu" in order to warm their hands and legs. The air and globe temperatures in the living room for the elderly people's houses was significantly lower than that for the houses with elderly people living with young families during the evening family time. Although there was no difference in the air temperature in the bedroom, toilet, bathroom and dressing room during the night. In the summer season, the indoor climate which was effected by the outdoor climate, was not so comfortable because the elderly people did not have or use air-conditioning systems.<br>

DOI： 10.11227/seikisho.38.23

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2002105560

Language：English   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This paper provides projected area factors for each part of the human body to allow the radiative heat transfer between the human and surrounding surfaces to be calculated. We first describe ways of calculating angle factors, effective radiation area, radiative heat transfer coefficients, and the mean radiant temperature for each segment of the human body. Then we describe an approach to measuring projected area factors using a manikin. Projected area factor distributions and other important elements for radiation analysis are presented and compared with other studies.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.66.17_5

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Other Link： http://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=173580

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2000.3.0_1201

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DOI： 10.2114/jpa.15.19

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Language：English   Publisher：Human Ergology Society  

DOI： 10.11183/jhe1972.25.155

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

1. 1. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thermal radiation and wind on thermal responses at rest and during exercise in a cold environment. 2. 2. The experimental conditions were radiation and wind (R + W), no radiation and wind (W), radiation and no wind (R), no radiation and no wind (C). 3. 3. The air temperature was -5°C. Thermal radiation was 360 W/m2. Air velocities were 0.76, 1.73 and 2.8 m/s. Rectal and skin temperatures, heart rate and oxygen consumption were recorded. Thermal and comfort sensations were questioned. 4. 4. There are no significant effects of thermal radiation and wind on the physiological responses except the mean skin temperature. There are significant effects on the mean skin temperature (P &lt
0.01) and thermal sensation (P &lt
0.05). © 1993.

DOI： 10.1016/0306-4565(93)90104-2

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1. 1. Ten male students remained in a severely cold room (-25°C) for 20 min. thereafter, they transferred in a warm room (25°C) for 20 min. 2. 2. This pattern was repeated three times, total cold exposure time amounting to 60 min. 3. 3. In the warm room, the subjects removed their cold-protective jackets, or wore them continously. 4. 4. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures, manual performance and thermal comfort were measured during the experiment. 5. 5. Removing cold-protective jackets after severe cold exposure increased peripheral skin temperatures and reduced the discomfort in the warm room. 6. 6. However, these results were accompanied by a greater decrease in rectal temperature and manual performance. 7. 7. It is recommended that workers continue to wear cold-protective clothing in the warm areas outside of the cold storage to prevent decreases in deep body temperature and work efficiency caused by repated cold exposures. © 1993.

DOI： 10.1016/0306-4565(93)90105-3

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

1. 1. The purpose of the study was to investigate the preferred temperature of the elderly after cold and heat exposures. 2. 2. Eight elderly and 9 young females wearing the same type of clothing were exposed to cold (10°C), moderate (25°C) or hot (35°C) environments for 30 min in the exposure room. 3. 3. Then they moved to the self-control room in which the temperature was set at 25°C, and the room temperature increased or decreased continuously by 0.4°C every minute. 4. 4. The subjects were instructed to operate the switch when they felt uncomfortably warm or cool during a 90-min period. 5. 5. In operating the switch, the changing in room temperature shifted to the opposite direction. 6. 6. The ambient temperature was recorded continuously and analyzed as the preferred temperature, which was defined as the midpoint temperature of the crest and trough of temperature records. 7. 7. The preferred temperatures after the cold exposure were significantly higher than those of other exposure conditions in the elderly. 8. 8. On the other hand, in the young, there was no significant difference in the preferred temperature among the exposure conditions. 9. 9. Although the effect of exposure to cold or hot environments decreased in the latter parts of self-control, the elderly still preferred the higher temperature after cold exposure. © 1993.

DOI： 10.1016/0306-4565(93)90058-2

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Other Link： https://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=617067

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=617068

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Other Link： https://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=617066

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

This study was conducted to investigate the indoor thermal environment and sleep of occupants in bedrooms where air conditioners (ACs) are preferentially installed. Questionnaires were filled in and field measurements were conducted in 22 houses, with a total of 28 occupants, located in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur. The participants were requested to wear a wrist actigraphy on the non-dominant hand for three consecutive days in order to evaluate sleep by the activity of the actigraphy. The average air temperature in the bedrooms was 22.6-28.9 °C and 28.1-32.2 °C with and without AC, respectively. The average wind velocity was 0.1-0.7 m/s. Increased wind velocity was found in accordance with the increased air temperature. The relation between SET* and sleep efficiency index was examined, however, statistical significance was not found although the SEI decreased in accordance with increased SET*.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.3.0_169

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Language：English   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

During summer 2017, we conducted a field survey about environmental comfort in typical dormitory buildings in Toyohashi University of Technology in Japan. Indoor physical parameters were continuously measured and the subjects filled in questionnaires about their perception, evaluation, preference and acceptability of 7 environmental parameters several times per day. Subjective votes about clothing, activity and adaptive measures to control the indoor environment were also collected. The study aims at understanding the different comfort sensation relative to sex, ethnicity, nationality and previous climate history and to provide insight of how to improve the existing or newly built dormitory buildings so to properly accommodate ever more diversified university students.

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Language：English   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

The aim of this study was to investigate sleep in evacuation shelter-analogue settings in winter using disaster relief blankets and ordinary futons. Experiments with human subjects were conducted to examine the sleep variables using actigraphy and the environmental conditions in a gymnasium during winter. The sleep efficiency index and sleeping time decreased significantly in the first night when using disaster blankets. The mean skin temperature was significantly lower for sleeping times using disaster blankets than using futon. However, no significant differences in rectal temperature and heart rate were found between the blankets and a futon set. The average ratio of the low frequency (LF) to high frequency component (HF) (LF/HF) of Heart rate variability (HRV) was apt to be higher during sleeping using disaster blankets.

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Language：English   Publisher：International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate  

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of bedding fill on the microclimate in bedding and skin temperature for appropriate thermal condition during sleep in winter. Eight healthy women participated in the experiment of daytime nap. The beddings of mattresses and comforters with either polyester filling or wool filling were compared. The skin temperature decrease in the forehead was significantly smaller in the case of wool than in the case of polyester (p &lt
0.05). This result is attributed to be the impact of moisture absorption-heat generation by expired air.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.6.0_213

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DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.6.0_329

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DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2018.6.0_309

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

The nuclear power station accident resulting from the Great East Japan Earthquake disaster has resulted in a constrained electricity supply. However, in this Asian region there is high temperature and high humidity and consequently dehumidification process requires a huge amount of energy. This is the reason for the increasing energy consumption in the residential and commercial sectors. Accordingly, a high efficiency air-conditioning system is needed to be developed. The desiccant ventilation system is effective to reduce energy consumption for the dehumidification process. This system is capable of dehumidifying without dew condensing unlike a conventional air-conditioning system. Then we focused on Wakkanai Siliceous Shale (WSS) as a desiccant material to develop a new desiccant ventilation system. This is low priced, high performance, new type of thing. The aim of this study is to develop a desiccant ventilation unit using the WSS rotor which can be regenerated with low-temperature by numerical calculation. The results of performance prediction of the desiccant unit, indicate that it is possible to regenerate the WSS rotor at low-temperature of between 35 -45 degrees C. In addition, we produced an actual measurement for the desiccant unit and air-conditioning unit. This air-conditioning system was capable to reduce roughly 40 % of input energy consumption.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005769

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：The Japan Society of Home Economics  

&lt;b&gt;目的&lt;/b&gt; 温熱環境の変化が、疲労や作業効率の影響因子になることが定性的にわかりつつあり、適切な温熱環境の調整が疲労軽減や作業効率向上といった執務者の便益向上に寄与すると考えられる。しかし、温熱環境、疲労、作業効率の相互影響は十分に解明されていないことから、異なる温熱環境における疲労時の生理心理量と作業効率の関係を検討する被験者実験を行った。&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;方法&lt;/b&gt; 人工気候室で統制した22、25、28、32℃（RH50%一定）の各条件において、生理心理量（皮膚温、心拍数、温冷感等）及び作業効率を決定する主要因である認知機能をPC作業によって測定した。認知機能は、オフィス作業に必要と考えられる4つの認知機能（課題への適応能力、長時間の集中力等）とした。被験者は2時間の睡眠不足により疲労状態にある47名の青年男性（20-40歳）で、2016年8～10月に実施した。&lt;br&gt; &lt;b&gt;結果&lt;/b&gt; 皮膚温は低温側条件ほど末梢部皮膚温が低下し、皮膚温の部位差は大きくなった。25、28℃条件は部位別温冷感の差が小さく、心拍数及びストレス指標の唾液アミラーゼ活性値が、実験後に有意に低下した。課題への適応能力の遂行機能に関する課題について、正答時反応時間と温度条件との間に交互作用が認められ、28℃条件は反応時間が有意に速くなった（P&lt;0.01）。皮膚温、温冷感が温熱中性範囲に含まれた28℃条件における課題への適応能力に関する作業効率が高いことが明らかになった。

DOI： 10.11428/kasei.69.0_314

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the sleep and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from 0 AM to 7 AM in a gymnasium. One night the subject used a pair of futons and on the other the subject used emergency supplies consisting of four blankets and a set of portable partitions. Air temperature, humidity were measured around the sleeping subjects through the night. Sleep parameters, skin temperature, microclimate temperature, rectal temperature, and heart rate of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects completed questionnaires relating to thermal comfort and subjective sleep before and after sleep. The sleep efficiency indices were lower when the subjects slept using the blankets. As the microclimate temperature between the human body and blanket was lower, mean skin temperature was significantly lower in the case of blankets.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005707

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

This study was conducted to investigate the indoor thermal environment and sleep of occupants in bedrooms where air conditioners (ACs) are preferentially installed. Field measurements and questionnaires were conducted for 22 houses, with a total of 28 occupants, located in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur. The participants were requested to wear a wrist actigraphy on the non-dominant hand for three consecutive days, except while bathing or washing hands in order to evaluate sleep by the activity of the actigraphy. The average air temperatures in the bedrooms were 22.6-28.9 degrees C and 28.1-32.2 degrees C with and without AC, respectively. The observed lowest air temperature was below 21 degrees C in a bedroom with AC. Such low air temperatures are not considered appropriate in terms of energy consumption and the occupants' physiological condition during sleep. The wind velocity of fresh air coming through the open window was found as well as when the use of a fan. From the relations among the factors of thermal environment, increased wind velocity seems to compensate for increased air temperature and increased relative humidity. The sleep efficiency index (SEI) looks decreased in accordance with increased air temperature, increased air velocity, and increased relative humidity. However, no statistical significances were found in those relationships. New effective temperature (SET*) was calculated from measured thermal factors and relation was examined with SEI.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005771

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

We aimed to examine sleep in shelter-analogue settings in winter to determine the subjective sensation and environmental conditions in evacuation shelters. Twelve young healthy students took part in the sleep study of two nights for seven hours from Midnight to 7 AM in the gymnasium. One night the subject used a pair of futons and on the other the subject used the emergency supplies of four blankets and a set of portable partitions. During the night, air temperature, humidity and air velocity were measured in the area around the sleeping subjects. Sleep parameters measured by actigraphy, skin temperature, microclimate temperature, rectal temperature, and the heart rates of the subjects were continuously measured and recorded during the sleeping period. The subjects completed questionnaires regarding their thermal comfort and subjective sleep before and after the sleep. The subjects felt more coldness on their head and peripheral parts of the body using the emergency blankets than the futon during the sleep. Moreover, fatigue was felt more on the lower back and lower extremities from using emergency blankets than the futon after sleep. However, the sleep efficiency index and subjective sleep evaluation by OSA questionnaire did not reveal any good correlationship. The emergency supplies should be examined for their suitability to provide comfortable and healthy sleep in the shelter-analogue settings.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005774

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Language：English   Publisher：AMER INST PHYSICS  

Notwithstanding apparent differences, Japanese and Bulgarian traditional residential houses share a lot of common features - building materials, building techniques, even layout design. Despite the similarities, these two types of houses have not been compared so far. The study initiates such comparison. The focus is on houses in areas with similar climate in both countries. Current legislation requirements are compared, as well as the criteria for thermal comfort of people. Achieving high energy performance results from a dynamic system of 4 main key factors - thermal comfort range, heating/cooling source, building envelope and climatic conditions. A change in any single one of them can affect the final energy performance. However, it can be expected that a combination of changes in more than one factor usually occurs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the correlation between the thermal performance of building envelope designed under current regulations and a traditional one, having in mind the different thermal comfort range in the two countries. A sample building model is calculated in Scenario 1 - Japanese traditional building fabric, Scenario 2 - Bulgarian traditional building fabric and Scenario 3 - meeting the requirements of the more demanding current regulations. The energy modelling is conducted using EnergyPlus through OpenStudio cross-platform of software tools. The 3D geometry for the simulation is created using OpenStudio SketchUp Plug-in. Equal number of inhabitants, electricity consumption and natural ventilation is assumed. The results show that overall low energy consumption can be achieved using traditional building fabric as well, when paired with a wider thermal comfort range. Under these conditions traditional building design is still viable today. This knowledge can reestablish the use of traditional building fabric in contemporary design, stimulate preservation of local culture, building traditions and community identity.

DOI： 10.1063/1.5005768

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

&lt;p&gt;現在、住宅の省エネルギー化が求められている中で、自然の恵みを活用したパッシブ手法もエネルギー削減手法のひとつとして注目されている。 本研究では環境住宅において実測調査及び被験者実験を行い、夏期の開口部及び上下階通風装置の効果的な活用方法を検討する。また、自然室温と空調使用時の受容域の相違について検討する。 結果、上下階通風装置は在室状況に応じて開口パターンを変えることによって、通風効果の向上させた。また、自然通風時において、空調使用時より受容域の拡張が見られた。&lt;/p&gt;

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2016.6.0_61

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

&lt;p&gt;本研究では温熱環境が睡眠に及ぼす影響を明らかにすることを目的として、睡眠段階を考慮するために脳波計を用いた自宅寝室における睡眠実測調査を行った。睡眠段階によって中途覚醒が発生しやすい温度は異なり、気流の乱れが睡眠に及ぼす影響は空気温度に依存していることが分かった。空気温度が低い場合には気流の乱れが睡眠を阻害する一方で、空気温度が高い場合に及ぼす影響は小さい。さらにプロビット回帰分析を行い、寝室内における夏季の適切な温熱環境範囲を提案した。&lt;/p&gt;

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2016.6.0_233

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：公益社団法人 空気調和・衛生工学会  

<p>冬期における自然室温時の室内環境の測定を行い、導入設備(放射パネル、上下階通風装置、断熱間仕切り)の活用方法について検討を行った。また、被験者実験により、導入設備の活用による温熱環境の変化が温冷感申告に与える影響について検証し、冬期において暖房を使用しない環境の構築について考察した。</p>

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2016.6.0_65

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2014.6.0_121

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2015.6.0_233

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2015.6.0_229

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2015.6.0_237

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (international conference)   Publisher：OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC  

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本公衆衛生学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本老年社会科学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：日本老年社会科学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

The temperature and humidity, skin-temperature and physical activity data, were continuously collected under the daily life in summer from healthy elderly person and the young. Elderly person were living in the environment of high humidity high temperature compared with the young .While mean skin temperature did not have the age difference, but the chest skin temperatures of elderly person were lower than the young, and tended to change with the ambient air temperature.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of outdoor thermal environment with solar radiation in summer on human body. Elderly and young men participated in subject experiment and the age-related differences were examined. The subjects stayed outside for 30 minutes in standing, sitting and stepping. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures and heart rate were continuously measured and thermal comfort sensations were recorded. Before and after staying outside the body mass was measured and the mass loss was calculated for the experiment period. Additionally, air temperature, humidity, air velocity, globe temperature and horizontal solar radiation were measured. Significant differences were found in variations of rectal and skin temperature and thermal sensation between elderly and young subjects.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

Solar radiation and airflow as well as air temperature and humidity are important factors for thermal comfort and the risk of heat disorder in outdoor environment. Fluctuations of solar radiation and airflow make it difficult to measure these factors accurately. We proposed a theory to measure solar radiation, long wave radiation from sky and features, and air velocity at times. The measurement requires 2 white and 2 black (total 4) heating prolate spheroids. For each color, one spheroid maintains at T_1 and the other maintains T_2. The fluctuations of solar radiation, long wave radiation, and air flow are detected as the electric power to maintain the temperature of the spheroids. For establishing measurement instruments according to our theory, we developed 2 white and 2 black (total 4) heating prolate spheroids and determined their solar absorption factors.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

We examined the air conditions in existing smoking rooms where two cigarette smoke separators and a ventilation fan were installed. Although the mean concentrations of dust and CO were less than those specified by the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, both parameters exceeded the guidelines at times of peak usage. It was speculated that the ventilation system was insufficient for the maximum number of people using the room. The results confirm that the semiconductor gas sensor enables improved analysis of odor compounds present in cigarette smoke.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本老年社会科学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本老年社会科学会  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本建築学会  

CiNii Books

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Publisher：The Japan Society of Home Economics  

DOI： 10.11428/kasei.66.0_2

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本建築学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

DOI： 10.11428/kasei.65.0_267

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

The original standard effective temperature (SET^*) defines its standard clothing as the clothing resulting in the neutral thermal sensation in the environment with 24 ℃ and calm air. This paper suggests no clothing except for the clothing with negative thermal insulation can satisfy this definition. When SET^* is applied for occupants in high activity intensity, the erroneous standard clothing along with the too less sweat secretion of the two node model leads underestimation in perceived temperature. In order to eliminate the error, we proposed new standard clothing that gives the neutral thermal sensation in the environment with 20 ℃ and calm air and an improved two node model. Provisional SET^* was calculated based on these new standard clothing and the improved two node model. The provisional SET^* translated to the original SET^* scale for various activities improved the underestimation in perceived temperature by the original SET^*.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper, summary (national, other academic conference)   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of renovation by well-insulated windows on indoor thermal environment, thermal comfort and health of occupants and its seasonal difference. We conducted measurement of thermal environments, questionnaire for occupants and test of walking for the aged in summer and winter. The survey was carried out in eight old wooden houses additionally set up the inner windows with elder occupants in Yamagata city and surrounding areas. The following items were measured in each house: outdoor air temperature close to the house, air temperature and humidity in bedroom, living room, bathroom and some other rooms and thermal comfort in the house.

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

This study was carried out in the climatic chamber in order to evaluate the effects of aromatic furniture made of woody material on human responses. The distributions of temperature, air velocity, and VOC around the thermal manikin set at 33 degree skin temperature were measured before the human experiments. The subjects was asked to keep resting or calculating during the each session of the experiment and P-tool was carried out after the sessions by the human subjects. The skin temperature and cardiac responses were measured during the human subject experiment.

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

Effect of mist sauna bathing on sleep in winter was investigated through experiments using eight subjects. In these experiments, they took a normal bath or a mist sauna bath at 40℃ for 10 min, respectively, for ten consecutive days about one and half hours before going to bed at their home. The temperature of their bathrooms, temperature and relative humidity of their bedrooms, and oral temperature of the subjects were recorded before and after bathing for the ten days. In addition, the electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured using a mobile-type one-channel EEG system, and daily activities were measured using a pedometer. Sleepiness using KSS (Kwansei-gakuin Sleepiness Scale) was measured after each sleep. There was no significant difference both in the sleep efficiency index and in the sleep-onset latency between the two bathing conditions. However, the delta power of EEG during the first sleep cycle was significantly higher for mist sauna bathing than for normal bathing. Increase in oral temperature was significantly higher after mist sauna bathing than that for normal bathing. Additionally, the subjects felt more refreshed the next morning after the day when they took a mist sauna bathing than when taking a normal bathing.

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本建築学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2012.1.0_881

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本人間工学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.14874/jergo.48spl.0.370.0

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Publisher：The Japan Society of Home Economics  

【目的】快適な温熱環境を提案する上で、実生活で体験するような室温変化時の生理心理特性の把握は重要である。本研究は、中等度温熱環境下での室温低下が、体温調節反応と温熱的快適性に及ぼす影響の個人差を検討するため、青年女性を室温低下の環境に曝露し、生理心理反応を測定した。本報では特に夏期と冬期に行った結果の比較を行う。【方法】実験は人工気候室において椅座安静で行った。実験条件は「33℃40分間一定&amp;rarr;40分間で25℃まで低下&amp;rarr;25℃40分間一定」とし、相対湿度は50%一定とした。測定項目は環境温、相対湿度、グローブ温度及び生理反応として皮膚温、直腸温、心拍等、心理反応として温冷感や快適感を5分間隔で回答を得た。実験は、2009年9月に夏期実験を、2010年2月に冬期実験を13～16時の時間帯で実施した。被験者は好みの気温を選ぶ選択気温実験に参加した健康な青年女性14名で、夏期、冬期で同一被験者とした。なお、被験者は中等度の気温(25～29℃)を好む青年女性(=M group) と高い気温(29℃～)を好む青年女性(=H group)に分類し検討した。【結果】M groupは室温低下時に手背皮膚温に季節差が認められ、冬期の方が皮膚温低下は速く、有意に低くなった。冬期の低温環境への寒冷適応が、夏に比べて血管収縮をより促進したためと考えられる。一方で、H groupの手背皮膚温に季節差は認められず、冬期の寒冷適応能が弱い可能性が示唆された。H groupは手温冷感に有意差が認められ、冬期の方が寒い側に評価した。既報で、室温低下に対する血管収縮能の弱さが示唆されていたH groupは、季節適応能も弱い可能性が示された。

DOI： 10.11428/kasei.64.0_238

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

To investigate the effects of heating systems on the human body, experiments were conducted with 6 young (24 +/- 4 years old) and 6 old men (69 +/- 5 years old). The climatic chambers were set at air temperature (Ta) of 10 &amp;deg;C and 25 &amp;deg;C with 50% relative humidity (RH). Undressing room (1.8 m x 1.8 m x 2.2 m) was heated for 20 min by one of three different heating apparatuses with the same electric power (500W) before the subject entered. The Ta in the undressing room was at between 14&amp;deg;C and 17 &amp;deg;C when the subject walked from 25 &amp;deg;C chamber and stripped down, and then increased to between 18&amp;deg;C and 22&amp;deg;C during the experiment. The rectal temperature was higher in the old men than the young men although no significant difference was found in the mean skin temperature (MST). The MST was 33.5&amp;deg;C, 31&amp;deg;C, 30.5&amp;deg;C, and 29&amp;deg;C in the radiant heating, forced air heating, floor heating, and no heating, respectively. The old men showed colder and more uncomfortable than the young men in the undressing room. In the 25&amp;deg;C no significant difference was found in the blood pressure between old and young men, however, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased significantly in the undressing room. The SBP was significantly higher in the old men than the young men in the undressing room. The SBP of the young men using radiant heating was significantly lower than that using the carpet and no heating, however, there was no significant difference in the SBP for the old men among the heating conditions.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

To investigate the effects of local and transient heating systems on the human body, experiments were conducted with 6 young, and 6 old men and 6 old women. Adjacent climatic chambers were set at air temperatures (Ta)of 10℃ and 25℃ with 50% relative humidity (RH).The small undressing room (1.8mx1.8mx2.2m)was located in the 10℃ chamber and the space ofit was heated for 20 min by one of three different heating apparatuses with the same electric power (500W)before the subject entered.The Ta in the undressing room was at between 14℃ and l 7℃ when the subject walked in from the 25℃ chamber and stripped down, and then increased to between 18℃ and 22℃ during the experiment. The mean skin temperature was 33.5℃,31℃,30.5℃,and 29℃ in the radiant heating, forced air heating, floor heating. and no heating environments, respectively. The old men were colder and more uncomfortable than the young men and old women in the undressing room. The systolic blood pressure (SBP)increased significantly when the subject walked from 25℃ to the undressing room. The SBP was significantly higher in the 01d men and women than the young men in the undressing room.

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人日本建築学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：English  

Scopus

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Language：English  

Scopus

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Psychological Association  

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The rectal temperature of a sleeping human in 3 °C-, 10 °C-, and 17 °C-environments was analyzed by a human thermal model incorporated with total thermal insulation measured using a motionless thermal manikin. The analyzed temperature increased, while the measured rectal temperature decreased gradually during 6-7 h sleep. This disagreement can be explained by the difference in the total thermal insulation between a sleeping human with some motions and a motionless thermal manikin. We deduced the total thermal insulation correction factors for the sleeping human compared with the total thermal insulation for the motionless thermal manikin. These values were about 0.71 (3 °C), 0.58 (10 °C), and 0.39 (17 °C). Since the bedclothes provided higher thermal insulation to the sleeping human in colder environments, we concluded that human motion as a means of behavioral thermoregulation adjusted the thermal insulation of bedclothes.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

【はじめに】&lt;BR&gt;加齢に伴い不眠の訴えが増加することが知られているが、独立住宅居住の高齢者について、睡眠や温熱環境の実測とアンケート調査を実施した。その結果、夏季に睡眠が悪化していることが明らかになった（Okamoto－Mizuno, 2010；都築、2008）。本報では、高齢者施設において健康な高齢居住者を対象に同様の調査を実施した。&lt;BR&gt;【方法】&lt;BR&gt;２つの公立高齢者施設に入居する心身ともに健康な70～88歳（平均80±５歳）の高齢者15名（男性7名、女性8名）を対象とした。測定期間は春（5月末）、夏（8月中）、秋（11月中）、冬期（2月中）の各１週間であった。被験者は睡眠および日中の活動量計測のためにアクチグラフと小型温湿度計を常時携帯し、主観的睡眠感、温冷感などを就寝前後、ならびに昼12時と夕方6時にアンケート用紙に記入してもらった。また、着衣状態や行動についてもアンケート調査用紙に記入した。アクチグラフの睡眠／覚醒の判定にはCole-Kripke(1992)によるアルゴリズムを用い、睡眠変数を算出した。&lt;BR&gt;【結果】&lt;BR&gt;就寝中の寝室温湿度は春（25.5℃、51％）、夏（29.0℃、63％）、秋（21.7℃、50％）、冬（20.4℃、40％）であった。アクチグラフから算出した睡眠効率は春（82％）、夏（84％）、秋（86％）、冬（86％）であり、睡眠時間は春388分、夏356分、秋406分、冬406分であった。就寝時刻、起床時刻、覚醒時間や日中の活動量など全ての項目について季節による有意な差は認められず、前述した既往の研究に反していた。施設間についても有意な差は認められなかったが、男性よりも女性で睡眠時間が有意に長く、睡眠効率が高くなった。&lt;BR&gt;【文献】&lt;BR&gt;Okamoto-Mizuno K, Tsuzuki K.(2010) Int J Biometeorol.54(4):401-9.&lt;BR&gt;Cole RJ, Kripke DF, Gruen W, et al (1992) Sleep15:461-469.&lt;BR&gt;都築和代他（2007)第31回人間-生活環境系シンポジウム:33-36.&lt;BR&gt;

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

&lt;B&gt;【目的】&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;本研究は体温調節反応と温熱的快適感の個人差を明らかにすることを目的に、高温の環境を好む被験者(=高温群)と中性の環境を好む被験者(=中温群)を同様の温熱環境に曝露させ、各群の体温調節反応の特性を検討した。本報では特に冬期における室温低下時の結果を報告する。&lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;【方法】&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt;実験では好みの気温を選ぶ選択気温実験に参加した健康な青年女性13名(うち高温群6名)を、33℃40分間一定後、40分掛け25℃まで下降、その後25℃で40分間一定に変化する環境に暴露させた。相対湿度は50%一定とした。測定項目は環境温(0.1、0.6、1.1、1.6m)、相対湿度、グローブ温及び生理量として皮膚温、直腸温、血圧、心拍等、心理量として温冷感や快適感を5分間隔で評価させた。実験期間は2009年2月～3月に掛けて13～16時の時間帯とした。 &lt;BR&gt;&lt;B&gt;【結果】&lt;/B&gt;&lt;BR&gt; 平均皮膚温や躯幹部皮膚温に群間の差は認められなかった。しかし下腿皮膚温は高温群の方が気温低下後も高い値を保っており、高温群の血管収縮能の弱さが窺えた。高く保たれた皮膚温は放熱の影響が大きかったと考えられ、中温群より寒く不快側に評価する傾向にあった。また室温に関わらず高温群の方が血圧、心拍ともに有意に低くなった。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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In order to clarify the thermal psychological and physiological response of the human body in hot outdoor environments, subject experiments were conducted in a climate chamber during summer and winter. Even though the experimental conditions are the same in summer and winter, seasonal differences are found in the thermal psychological and physiological response. The comfortable skin temperature calculated using the regression method is well matched with the Griffiths' method. When the actual skin temperature shifts from the comfortable level, the risk of overheating increases. This might be a useful index for predicting the overheating risk in hot outdoor conditions.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of renovation by well-insulated windows on indoor thermalenvironment, thermal comfort and health of elder occupants. We conducted measurement of thermal environments,questionnaire for occupants and test of walking for the aged before and after the inner windows were additionally set up.The survey was carried out in eight old wooden houses with elder occupants in Yamagata city and surrounding areas. Thefollowing items were measured or asked in each house: Outdoor air temperature close to the house, air temperature andhumidity in bedroom, living room, bathroom and some other rooms, thermal comfort in the house and subjective evaluationof the results by window renovation. As a result of measurement, the effect of outdoor temperature on room temperature inwinter became smaller after renovation and indoor thermal environment were improved Also the subjective evaluationshowed that cold draft decreased and thermal comfort was improved. The walking speed of the aged was significantly fasteon the test after renovation.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生理人類学会  

DOI： 10.20718/jjpa.15.2_46_7

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

Human subject experiments were carried out in order to examine the preferred speed of partial cooling in summer. Totally seventeen healthy old persons (9 men and 8 women) participated in the experiment. The subject seated in a cabin placed in a climate chamber in which the ambient temperature was controlled at 40-C with 50% relative humidity. Partial cooling was conducted by low-temperature airflow from the outlet set in front of the subject at the height of his / her neck The subject reported verbally his / her thermal and comfort sensations, and their preference for the strength of airflow. Air temperature and humidity in the cabin, temperature and wind velocity of the airflow at the outlet, and skin temperatures were measured. The old persons preferred lower air velocity than the young persons, which was published in 2009 (Mori et al.), however, no significant differences were found in the thermal sensation, comfort sensation, and the mean skin temperature between the old and young persons.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

In order to investigate the relationship between body temperature regulation and thermal comfort, physiological and psychological responses were measured in the climate chamber, in which the air temperature changed from 33-C to 25-C with 50%RH in both summer and winter. The subjects were seven young women who preferred middle air temperatures (=M) and seven young women who preferred higher air temperatures (=H). Differences in the means skin temperature were not found to be significant between M and H in summer. However, H felt significantly colder and more uncomfortable than M during the periods of decreasing air temperature and 25-C. In winter the forearm and calf skin temperatures of H were significantly higher than that of M at 25-C. However, H felt colder and more uncomfortable than M during the periods of decreasing air temperature and 25-C.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

We conducted an experiment with ten subjects to figure out the effect on sleep created by mist sauna bathing in winter. In this experiment, normal bathing and mist sauna bathing were taken respectively for ten days at the human subjects&#039; home and electroencephalogram(EEG) using the mobile-type, one-channel EEG system, sleepiness using KSS investigation sheet, and some sensations using questionnaires are measured. The results show that sleep efficiency and sleep-onset time weren&#039;t significantly different in both groups, but delta power during the first cycle of NREM sleep was significantly higher in mist sauna bathing than in normal bathing. Additionally, the questionnaire of the subjects showed that it was warmer after mist sauna bathing than after normal bathing.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

Twelve young woman subjects rested or exercised in the outdoor environment in the summer season. Rectal temperature, skin temperatures for chest, back, upper-arm, thigh, and leg, and heart rate were continuously measured and thermal and comfort sensations were recorded. Before and after the experiment session the body mass was measured and the mass loss was calculated for the period of rest or exercise. Moreover, air temperature, humidity, air velocity, globe temperature and horizontal solar radiation were measured and, SET^* and WBGT were calculated. The physiological, psychological and environmental results were compared for 4 conditions; solar radiation on the front surface from sun, on the back surface, in the cloudy, or in the shade. Effects of solar radiation were found in the thermal sensation and radiative heat sensation, however, not found in other psychological sensations. Skin temperatures for thigh and leg were influenced by the solar radiation and the MST (mean skin temperature), mass loss and skin wettedness were higher under sunshine than under shade and cloudy.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating,Air-Conditioning&Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

About 60 percent of adult female in Japan suffers from Cold constitution(C-C). In this report, the palliative efficacy of C-C of summer that depends on the Mist Sauna Bathing is verified. Eight times of two weeks, eight women with C-C took a mist sauna bathing in the laboratory bathroom. And the other eight women took shower in the laboratory bathroom, at the same frequency. After this examination, the recovery of the foot temperature of the former Group becomes early.

DOI： 10.18948/shasetaikai.2009.2.0_1267

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

In this study, we focus on creating a comfortable indoor climate for sleep in winter. Six healthy men participated in a sleep experiment using the house in the climate chamber. Case1 is conditioned by a floor heating (Room temperature is 17℃ except at the beginning and end of the experiment.). Case2 is conditioned by a floor heating (constant 20℃). Case3 is conditioned by a air-conditioning (constant 20℃). Case4 is constant 10℃ without heating system. The results suggest the conditions with a floor heating effect in sleep initiation and keeping in comparison with the other conditions.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

The two axes of the Two-Dimensional Thermal Sensation Model proposed by Kuno are "Ambient condition" and "Physiological condition". This paper describes the process to transfer these axes to "Mean body temperature, Tb" and "Heat storage term to the human body, St". In order to establish the Two-Dimensional Thermal Sensation Model with the new axes, it is essential to estimate Tb and St". An example of estimated transient Tb and St is indicated for daily situation.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society of Human-Environment System  

An aim of the paper is in clarifying the real adaptation to climate for people in their daily lives. The subject is to propose and practice the method for simultaneous measurement of the occupied environment temperature (OET) in various areas in Japan. The OET is defined as the temperature of the surtounding environment of a human body in the daily life. Measurement places were six areas; Sapporo, Tsukuba, Osaka, Fukuoka, Kumamoto and Okinawa. Measurement terms were seven consecutive days in the following months; June, August, October and December 2005. The measurement was canied out for several persons every area with a portable instrument for measuring temperature and humidity. The relationship between daily mean OET and daily mean outdoor temperature was conducted. Some regression line was calculated in the relationships and considered to be the adaptive model. Regarding the real adaptation to climate in six areas four linear regression lines were estimated; one line for six areas in summer and three lines for three areas such as Sapporo, Okinawa and others in autumn to winter.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

Recently, due to global warming and the heal-island effect, more and more people arc exposed to danger of heat disorder. The hot thermal environment can be evaluated by various indexes, such as new Standard Effective Temperature (SET*) using the 2-Node Model (2nm), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), Predicted Heat Strain Model (PHS Model) and so on. The authors aim to develop a safety evaluation approach for hot environments. Subject experiments are performed in a laboratory to comprehend the physiological response of the human body. The results are compared with the computed values from the 2nm and PHS models and modified the sweating model in 2mn in order lo lake account the relationship with metabolic rate. Additionally, this new sweating model was applied to evaluation for thermal safety for hot environment.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.73.107

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DOI： 10.1007/s00421-008-0730-x

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology  

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008276854

Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

To investigate thermal responses of children during cold exposure, children and their mothers were exposed to identical environmental conditions in climatic chambers. Subjects comprised 14 mothers (age, 29-40 years) and 15 children (age, 15 months-3 years; 9 boys, 6 girls). Each mother and child wore a t-shirt and short pants over underwear. Subjects were initially seated in a chamber at 25 C for 60 min, then moved to a chamber at 15C where they were seated for 30 min. During the recovery period, they were returned to the 25 C chamber and kept there for an additional 30 min. During exposure to 15 C, declines in skin temperature (Ts) of the hand and foot were significantly greater in children than in mothers. Rectal temperatures (Tre) of children increased during cold exposure, whereas Tre of mothers decreased. This variation in Tre in children might be linked to homodynamic alterations accompanied by greater decreases in Ts of the extremities due to a greater degree of vasoconstriction in distal regions during cold exposure. Increases in Tre during cold exposure for children correlated with body surface area to mass (Ab/mass), mass and decreases in Ts of the abdomen, thigh and leg. A gender difference was found only with regard to Tre and heart rate (HR) responses in children during cold exposure, and neither physical characteristics nor any Ts differed between genders. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in resting HR of mothers and girls, whereas boys showed significantly lower heart rates at 15 C than at 25 C.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本生気象学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

Recently, the outdoor thermal environment in urban areas has deteriorated during summer. There is extended potential for serious accidents like "heat disorder" arising in such harsh hot outdoor environments. The authors aim to develop an index for hot outdoor environments, and the purpose of this paper is the verification of the 2NM (2-node Model). Subject experiments are performed in a laboratory to comprehend the physiological response of the human body to heat. The results are compared with the computed values from 2NM. Additionally, the sweating model in 2NM is improved by relationship between the metabolic and sweating rates.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

For measuring ventilation in small and non-uniform spaces, this study aims to make a device for dosing gasses calmly and uniformly by use of hollow threaded tubes. Characteristics of Poreflon^&lt;[〇!R]&gt; tube and hollow threaded membrane with pore diameter of 20 rim were investigated for this device. An analytical model was proposed to describe gas diffusion from the side of hollow threaded tubes. In this model, a flow volume was proportional to the related pressure drop. In a small wind tunnel, CO_2 gas was diffused from the hollow tubes at 3 flow rates, and distributions of CO_2 gas diffusion were compared with calculated distributions by the model. The measured CO_2 gas diffusion around the head of the tube tended to be larger than that of the model as the CO_2 flow rate became larger. The authors painted hollow threaded membrane with pore diameter of 20 nm in a fixed interval and measured distributions of CO_2 gas diffusion from it Painting can be utilized to control distributions of CO_2 gas diffusion from the hollow threaded membrane.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

The field survey on thermal environment, sleep, thermoregulation and sensation during the nocturnal sleep period was carried out in the winter, summer and autumn seasons. Prior to the field survey, the sleep efficiency index by the actigraph was compared to that by the PSG measurements including the electroencephalogram (EEG; C3-A2, C4-AI and O1-A2), electrooculogram (EOG) and mental electromyogram (EMG) during the climatic experiment. The subjects were eight older male. The good correlationship between the actigraph and PSG was obtained, however, the sleep efficiency by the actigraph was higher than that by the PSG Thirteen volunteers participated in the field survey in the winter, summer and autumn seasons. The file survey showed that the ambient temperature in the summer season was significantly higher than that in autumn and winter seasons and ambient humidity was lowest in the winter season. The number of beddings and clothing insulation significantly less in the summer season than those in autumn and winter seasons. The timing of going to bed was not different among the three seasons, however, the timing of good morning was earliest in the summer season. The duration of sleeping was shorter in the summer season than that in the autumn and winter seasons. The onset of sleep and the duration of wakefulness were longer in the summer season than that in the autumn and winter seasons. Consequently the sleep efficiency was lowest in the summer season.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The University of Tokyo  

DOI： 10.11188/seisankenkyu.58.323

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Language：English   Publisher：HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV  

Recently, the outdoor thermal environment in urban areas has deteriorated during summer. There is a potential for serious consequences, such as "heat disorders", arising under such harsh hot outdoor environments. Many researchers are seeking to evaluate the thermal environment in urban, outdoor or semi-outdoor areas. These tend to be evaluated as Standard Effective Temperature (SET*), using the 2-Node Model (2NM), Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), Predicted Heat Strain Model (PHS Model) and so on. The authors aim to develop an index for hot outdoor environments, and the purpose of this paper is the verification of the 2NM and PHS models. Experiments involving human subjects are performed in a laboratory to understand the physiological response of the human body to heat. The results are understand with the computed values from the 2NM and PHS models. Additionally, the relationship between the metabolic and sweating rates is presented and modification to the sweating model in 2NM is discussed.

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publisher：HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV  

This paper proposes expressions for overall thermal comfort, thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body, and thermal discomfort for cold foot (foot and leg) and/or cold whole body for the sitting posture under steady state in a non-uniform thermal environment. These expressions are based on local skin temperatures, local sensible heat losses, overall comfort sensation and local discomfort sensation under anterior/posterior, right/left, and up/down asymmetric radiation fields (Sakoi et al 2006). As an indicator of the local thermal state, a local function, employing the local skin temperature and the local sensible heat loss, was defined. The overall thermal comfort and thermal discomfort factors were expressed in terms of power functions using the local functions and their mean value. The overall thermal comfort characteristically decreased with whole body heating and cooling as well as with the deviation from a fixed ratio among the local functions. The thermal discomfort for hot head and/or hot whole body characteristically increased with the heat level in the head area and the whole body. The thermal discomfort for cold foot and/or cold whole body characteristically increased with the extent of coldness in the foot area and the whole body.

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Language：English   Publisher：HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV  

In this study, the authors have proposed a three-dimensional human thermal model for predicting the local values of skin temperature, sweat rate, sensible heat loss and latent heat loss. For this model, a three-dimensional shape of the Smith model (1991) was adopted. The blood flow was not controlled through the dilation and constriction of the vessels of the model, while the blood perfusion rate for the skin tissue was manerically changed under a fixed volume of the vessels, as demonstrated in previous models (Stolwijk 1971, etc). The calculated results were compared with the measured local skin temperatures in a sitting posture under a uniform condition around the neutral state. The local skin temperature calculated around the hand region was lower than the measured value; however, the calculated and measured values in the other local areas agreed as a whole.

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

There is a possibility of causing serious accidents like "Heat Disorder" in the inferior outdoor thermal environment for a long time in summer. An appropriate thermal evaluation index is required. The purpose of this study is the development of an index for hot outdoor environment. Subject experiment is performed in a laboratory, and the results are compared with computed value of two major models, i.e. 2-node model in SET^* and PHS model, to consider applicability of these models for hot outdoor environment.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

Authors proposed a new three-dimensional human thermal model that satisfies the following four points. 1) The blood mass is conserved despite the vasoconstriction and vasodilation. 2) Three dimensional temperature distribution is produced in the human body. 3) Hot condition provokes increase of blood flow rate in superficial veins, 4) Thermal conduction in subcutaneous fat layer is calculated directly using temperature difference in this layer and the thickness of this layer. As the application of this model, the authors predicted thermal comfort in non-uniform clothing conditions reported by Olesen et al.(1988). The predicted comfort sensation agreed well with the reported results.

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Language：English   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：北海道大学衛生工学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

Consideration was made on expression method of thermal sensation in non-uniform thermal environment. The authors conducted experiments in "front to back", "right to left" or "up to down" asymmetric thermal environments and obtained expression formulae of thermal comfort and discomfort in non-uniform thermal environment, considering distributions of skin temperature and sensible heat loss.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

【目的】夏期の高温環境は覚醒を増加させ、レム睡眠、徐波睡眠、直腸温の低下を抑制することが知られている。しかし、これらの影響は性差により異なることが、近年報告されている。これまでに、夏期の睡眠環境と主観的な睡眠感に関する調査は多数報告されているが、性差に着目したものは少ない。そこで、本研究では、アクチグラフを用いて、性差が夏期の睡眠および寝床内気候に及ぼす影響を検討することを目的とした。&lt;br&gt;【方法】被験者は、心身ともに健康な若年19名（男性10名、女性9名）であった。調査期間は7月下旬_から_8月とした。測定項目は皮膚温、寝床内温湿度、寝室内温湿度、アクチグラフ、主観的睡眠感、温冷感、快適感とした。被験者の自宅で夜間就寝中の皮膚温、寝床内温湿度を2晩測定し、同時に就寝前、起床時の主観的睡眠感、温冷感、快適感を申告してもらった。アクチグラフ、寝室内温湿度は5日間連続測定した。&lt;br&gt;【結果】室温は25.3±1.56℃、74±7.2％であり、有意差は見られなかった。寝具の枚数は女性で男性よりも有意に多かった。入眠潜時、睡眠時間に有意差は見られなかった。就寝中の活動量、覚醒回数、平均覚醒時間は女性で男性よりも有意に減少した。皮膚温では、睡眠前半の下腿の皮膚温が女性で男性よりも有意に高かったが、他の部位では差はみられなかった。胸部の衣服内温度は、女性で男性よりも有意に高かった。主観的睡眠感は、女性で男性よりも有意に良好であった。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：人間-生活環境系会議  

CiNii Books

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

&lt;b&gt;目的&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;自分で温度制御して快適な環境を作るという実験においては，高齢者と青年の快適だと感じる温度には差を認めていない。そこで安全面を考慮した温熱環境設計を行うには，高齢者の心理反応のみならず，生理的な加齢の変化に関してのデータ集積を行い検討していくことが必要である。そこで，中等度温熱環境においては，欧米人データが示すように日本人高齢者と青年で温冷感に差がないのかどうか，そして，体温調節反応についても同等とみなして良いのかどうかを検討する。&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;方法&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;60歳以上の健康な高齢者と若年者を対象として，冬期に人工気候室において，気温23℃，25℃，27℃，29℃，31℃の５条件を設定し，相対湿度60%，気流は0.15ｍ/s，壁面はカーテンで蔽い，床にはカーペットをひいたので，平均放射温度=空気温とした。着衣はスエット上下と靴下を用意し，被験者はパンツ(青年女子はブラジャーも)の上に着用した（0.63clo）。被験者は椅子座で約180分間，ほぼ安静状態を保った。高齢者100名，青年100名（男女は同数）が参加し，各気温条件につき，各群10名ずつのデータを収集した。&lt;br&gt;&lt;b&gt;結果&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br&gt;中立近傍では温冷感に年齢差を認めていないが，高齢者の方が青年に比べ23℃・31℃では中立側に申告していた。また，皮膚温や口腔温は，31℃では高齢者の方が高く，23℃では高齢者の方が低くかったが，体重減少量には差がなかった。年齢による温冷感の変化は，高齢者の皮膚温反応の変化と一致しており，温熱環境の影響を受けやすいことが示唆された。また，夏期データと比較したところ，青年に比べて高齢者は、冬期においては温感受性を低下させ、夏期においては冷感受性を低下させていることを示唆している。

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：北海道大学衛生工学会  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：環境衛生研究会  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2003193109

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

【目的】高齢者では、不眠の訴えが増加することが知られている。不眠の要因は様々であるが、温熱環境が睡眠に及ぼす影響を把握しておくことは、不眠を改善し健康な生活を送る上で不可欠である。そこで、本研究ではアクチグラフを用いて、低温環境が高齢者の睡眠に及ぼす影響を検討することを目的とした。【方法】被験者は、健康な65歳以上の高齢者13名とした。調査期間は1月下旬?2月とした。測定項目は皮膚温、寝床内温湿度、寝室内温湿度、アクチグラフ、主観的睡眠感、温冷感、快適感とした。被験者の自宅で夜間就寝中の皮膚温、寝床内温湿度を2晩測定し、同時に就寝前、起床時の主観的睡眠感、温冷感、快適感を申告してもらった。アクチグラフ、寝室内温湿度は5日間連続測定した。13名の被験者を、室温が10℃以上に保たれていた7名（H）と、それ以下の6名（L）とにわけて比較した。【結果】睡眠効率は有意に LでHよりも低かった。平均覚醒時間はLでHよりも有意に増加した。皮膚温では、前額がLでHよりも有意に低かった。足背はLでHよりも上昇が遅れる傾向が見られた。胸部の寝床内温度は、入床時は有意にLでHよりも低かったがその後は差が見られなかった。主観的睡眠感、温冷感に差はみられなかったが、主観的な覚醒回数はLでHよりも増加する傾向だった。

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

CiNii Books

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

低温環境において寝具を使用して就寝した時の睡眠脳波、直腸温、皮膚温など生理反応と温冷感、睡眠感など主観申告への影響を明らかにする。人工気候室で3条件(3℃、10℃、17℃下で睡眠実験を行った。測定項目は睡眠脳波、直腸温、皮膚温7部位、胸部と足部の寝床内温湿度を連続測定した。また、就寝前後でアンケートによる主観申告を得た。被験者は健康な男性9名。睡眠効率、睡眠段階ともに差は認められなかった。直腸温の低下度は10℃と17℃よりも3℃で有意に大きくなった。平均皮膚温と胸部寝床内温湿度には有意な差が認められなかったが、前額、大腿、下腿の皮膚温と足部寝床内温度に関しては有意差が認められた。睡眠感、温冷感については差が認められなかった。

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Publisher：一般社団法人 日本家政学会  

睡眠の後半にクーラーを使用した場合を想定し、睡眠および体温に及ぼす影響を検討することを目的とした。被験者は心身ともに健康な若年男性8名とした。実験条件は、26&amp;deg;C50%RH(26/50)を一定に保つ条件と睡眠の前半を32&amp;deg;C80%RHに保ち、後半を26&amp;deg;C50%RHに保つ(32/80H)条件とした。32/80Hでは26/50よりも覚醒時間が増加し、第4段階が減少する傾向がみられた。直腸温、平均皮膚温は睡眠前半では32/80Hで26/50よりも高かったが、後半では32/80Hで26/50よりも低い傾向がみられた。胸部の衣服内温度には有意差は見られなかったが、湿度は睡眠前半、後半ともに32/80Hで26/50よりも高かった。体重減少量は32/80Hで26/50よりも有意に多かった。

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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