記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Phonotactic restrictions do not usually hold uniformly across the entire lexicon of a particular language, and thus the lexicon of a natural language is often assumed to consist of different sub-lexicons. A question that arises is how specific these sub-lexicons can be. A classic, conservative approach is to posit only broad distinctions, such as the distinction between native words versus borrowed words. An alternative approach is to posit more specific miniature lexicons, such as a set of morphemes that show a particular morpheme-specific pattern or a set of loanwords from a particular language. With this general theoretical issue in mind, this paper first points out that there are phonotactic restrictions that can cue a very specific class of words in Japanese; for example, geminate /ɾɾ/ occurs almost exclusively in loanwords from Italian. Building upon these novel observations, the current experiments tested whether Japanese speakers can infer specific sets of words such as “snack names”, “Italian restaurant names”, and “German names” based on particular phonotactic cues. The results of the two experiments support the idea that the lexicon of a natural language can consist of very specific sub-lexicons, at least going beyond the often posited native versus loanword distinction.

音素配列論的制約は、特定の言語の全語彙に一様に適用されるわけではなく、自然言語の語彙は複数の下位語彙集合から構成されると考えられている。ここで生じる問題は、これらの下位語彙集合がどれほど具体的であり得るかということである。従来の保守的なアプローチでは、固有語と借用語のような広範な区別のみを仮定する。一方、より具体的な下位語彙集合を仮定するアプローチもあり、特定の音韻変化を示す形態素の集合や、特定の言語からの借用語の集合などを想定する。この理論的対立を踏まえ、本稿では、まず日本語には非常に具体的な語彙集合を喚起できる音韻論的制約が存在することを指摘する。例えば、ラ行促音は、ほぼイタリア語からの借用語に限定される。これらの新しい観察をもとに、本実験では、日本語話者が特定の音韻論的な手がかりにもとづいて「お菓子の名前」「イタリアの名前」「ドイツ人の名前」などの語彙集合を推測できるかどうかを検証した。二つの実験結果、自然言語の語彙が非常に具体的な下位語彙集合から成ることがあり得ること、が示された。

DOI： 10.1515/lingvan-2024-0097

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Past studies (Vance, 1979; Kawahara, 2012) of rendaku, a morphonological alternation in Japanese, have produced conflicting results about the sensitivity of Lyman’s Law to a locality effect in nonce words. In a large-scale forced-choice experiment with 72 stimuli, our analysis of the responses from 180 native speakers of Japanese shows that for many speakers, Lyman’s Law is indeed sensitive to a locality effect: in nonce words, the blockage effect of rendaku by Lyman’s Law tends to be stronger when the blocker consonant is in the second syllable than when it is in the third syllable. This finding supports Vance’s original insight. Then, to explore why Kawahara’s study failed to find a locality effect, we replicated it with a larger number of speakers, and found some evidence that the locality effect is identifiable in a naturalness judgment experiment as well.

DOI： 10.16995/labphon.10808

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

This study examined whether clipped compounds in Japanese tend to avoid containing consecutive heavy syllables across the morpheme boundary (*H#H). A survey using the database of existing clipped compounds (Moon 2021) showed that there are fewer forms with H#H than those with LL#LL, H#LL or LL#H. We then conducted an experiment using nonce compounds each of which consisted of a nonce word (N1) and a real word (N2). The results showed that not all forms with H#H were avoided as a clipped compound. We confirmed, however, that when N1 begins with a syllable that contains a long vowel or a geminate consonant, these elements were not adopted as a new clipped compound and instead the third mora following them was adopted, which is consistent with the argument in the past literature.

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Kumagai & Kawahara (2022) found that Russian speakers tend to judge names with [Ca] to be more suitable for larger, post-evolution Pokémon characters than names with [Ci]. This result raised a new question regarding whether it is the vowel quality difference or consonant palatalization caused by [i] that affected the responses. The current experiment compared three conditions ([Ca] vs. [Cja] vs. [Ci]) and found that names with [Cja] were judged to be least appropriate for post-evolution characters, suggesting the important role of phonemic palatalization. The current experiment additionally showed that Russian speakers tend to judge longer names to be more suitable for post-evolution characters.

DOI： 10.24467/onseikenkyu.27.2_64

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Recent studies have shown that sound-symbolic patterns can be modelled using phonological theory. The purpose of the current study is to describe a new Japanese nicknaming pattern, pime-yobi, wherein [h] alternates with [p] to express cuteness, and to model it using Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar. The current study, building on the analysis of Alderete & Kochetov (2017), proposes a sound-symbolic constraint, Express[p], which requires output forms to contain [p]. The results of two experiments show that Japanese speakers found names containing [p]s to be cuter than those without them and that pime-yobi nicknaming exhibits intra- and inter-speaker variation in acceptability and cuteness. Based on these results, theoretical analysis shows that the weight of Express[p] varies both across different speakers and within the same speaker.

DOI： 10.1017/S0952675724000101

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

本研究は，赤ちゃん用オムツを題材として，韻律構造，アクセント核の有無，反復形という音韻的・形態的要素が持つ音象徴的な意味について探求した。具体的には，幼児語に顕著に現れる音韻的・形態的特徴を持つ名前は，赤ちゃん用オムツの名前としてふさわしいと判断されるという作業仮説に基づき，無意味語を用いた2つの実験により次の4つの問いを検証した。赤ちゃん用オムツの名前として，（a）韻律構造HLは，韻律構造LLLよりも好まれる。（b）韻律構造LHは，韻律構造LLLよりも嫌われる。（c）反復形は，非反復形よりも好まれる。（d）アクセント核を持つ名前は，無アクセントの名前よりも好まれる。実験の結果，これら4つの一部の仮説のみしか支持されず，様々な種類の重音節（H）およびアクセント核を持つ名前が，赤ちゃん用オムツの名前としてふさわしいと判断されやすいことがわかった。これらの結果は，実在語に関する既存知識からだけでは説明できず，日本語母語話者が「重音節（H）」や「アクセント核あり」という抽象的な音韻概念を用いて一般化を行っていることを示唆している。

DOI： 10.24467/onseikenkyu.26.3_97

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

One long-standing question that is recurrently addressed in contemporary phonological studies is whether phonological systems can count beyond three. The traditional view is that phonological systems can count only up to two but not more (e.g., Ito & Mester, 2003; McCarthy & Prince, 1986); some scholars, however, recently argue that phonological system should actually be able to count beyond three (e.g., Paster, 2019; Kim, 2022). The current experiments address this general question regarding counting by studying Rendaku and Lyman’s Law in Japanese. Rendaku is a morphophonological process in which the morpheme-initial voiceless obstruent of a second member of a compound becomes voiced. The application of Rendaku is significantly reduced if the second member already contains a voiced obstruent, a generalization that is known as Lyman’s Law. Experiment 1 compared the applicability of Rendaku in nonce words which contain one voiced obstruent (e.g., [taguta]) and those which contain two voiced obstruents (e.g., [tegebi]). If Lyman’s Law counts beyond three, Rendaku application is predicted to be more substantially reduced in the latter condition, as Rendaku would create morphemes which contains three voiced obstruents (i.e., [degebi]). The results show, however, that no meaningful differences were observed between the two conditions. Experiment 2 tested the recent claim that two nasal consonants may reduce the applicability of Rendaku (Kim, 2020; Kumagai, 2017), which, if true, suggests that Lyman’s Law disfavors a configuration in which a voiced obstruent is followed by two nasals. The experimental results show that the evidence for the blockage of Rendaku by two nasals is weak at best if present at all. Overall, we conclude that there is no strong evidence that Lyman’s Law counts (Ito & Mester, 2003).

DOI： 10.16995/labphon.9335

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Rendaku is a morphophonological process in Japanese, in which the first consonant of the second element of compounds becomes voiced (e.g. /ao-sora/ → [ao-zora] ‘blue sky’). In a recent paper, Kim (2022) argues that the presence of two nasals—but not one nasal— in the second element reduces the probability of Rendaku application (e.g. /umi-kamome/ → [umi-kamome], *[umi-gamome] ‘seagull’). This claim has an important consequence for grammatical theories, as it would constitute a case in which the influences of two segments add up to block a phonological process, a pattern that is referred to as “super-additive counting cumulativity.” We have reexamined the empirical basis of this claim, and have found that there are only four relevant lexical items. Moreover, two of these items actually undergo Rendaku almost all the time, and there are thus only two items whose Rendaku is clearly blocked. The empirical basis of the theoretical claim based on Rendaku thus seems to be weak at best. With this, we move on to the main contribution of this paper, which is a new nonce-word experiment that aimed to resolve the conflicting results from the previous studies on this topic. The results of the current experiment show that the applicability of Rendaku is not reduced by the presence of two nasal consonants.

DOI： 10.16995/glossa.9550

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

While the concept termed as kawaii is often translated into English as ‘cute’ or ‘pretty’, it has multiple connotations. It is one of the most significant topics of investigation in behavioural science and Kansei/affective engineering. This study aims to explore linguistic (phonetic and phonological) features/units associated with kawaii. Specifically, it examines, through experimental methods, what kinds of phonetic and phonological features are associated with kawaii, in terms of the following three consonantal features: place of articulation, voicing/frequency, and manner of articulation. The results showed that the features associated with kawaii are: [labial], [high frequency], and [sonorant]. The factors associated with kawaii may include the pouting gesture, babyishness, smallness, femininity, and roundness. The study findings have practical implications due to their applicability regarding the naming of anime characters and products characterised by kawaii.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1040415

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Sound symbolism, systematic and iconic relationships between sounds and meanings, is now a topic that is very actively explored by linguists, psychologists and cognitive scientists. As a new research strategy to study the nature of sound symbolic connections across different languages, a number of scholars have started using Pokémon names, a research paradigm that is now dubbed “Pokémonastics.” The previous Pokémonastics studies have experimentally explored how the evolution status is symbolically expressed by native speakers of English, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese. Building on these studies, the current experiment examined the sound symbolic knowledge of Russian speakers, and found that they are more likely to associate large, post-evolution Pokémon characters with names containing voiced obstruents than with names containing voiceless obstruents, and that they are also more likely to associate post-evolution characters with names containing [a] than with names containing [i]. The experiment also revealed that Russian speakers are less likely to associate post-evolution characters with names having labial consonants than with names having coronal or dorsal consonants. Overall, the current results show that Russian speakers generally have knowledge of sound symbolic associations that is similar to that of English, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese speakers, suggesting that some sound symbolic patterns hold robustly across multiple languages.

DOI： 10.1515/lingvan-2021-0101

researchmap

その他リンク： https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0101/pdf

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：論文集(書籍)内論文  

This study explores the sound-symbolic effects of Japanese consonants on image of food textures. Our experiment tested whether voiced vs. voiceless plosives, at various places of articulation, could affect participants’ image of the hardness of a snack. The results revealed that both voicing and place of articulation had effects and that voicing had a stronger effect. Our results support the explanation
of sound symbolism based on embodied motivation, as discussed in Cognitive Linguistics. Regarding the voicing of obstruents, the acoustic account cannot explain our results, while the articulatory and the lexical accounts are compatible with them. Regarding the place of articulation, all three accounts can explain our results. These findings can provide insights for food product marketing and related fields.

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The purpose of this study is to report on an experiment that examined whether labial consonants evoked images of softness and cuteness in Chinese and Korean and to discuss cross-linguistic similarities and differences in sound symbolic associations. The main findings of the study were: 1) not all labial consonants were associated with such images in Chinese and Korean; 2) the labial consonants judged appropriate for a ‘soft’ image were always judged appropriate for a ‘cute’ image in both Chinese and Korean as well as in Japanese; and 3) the bilabial sonorant [m] evoked images of softness and cuteness in Chinese and Korean as well as in Japanese and English.

DOI： 10.24467/onseikenkyu.25.0_87

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The current study is the first to attempt to perform a sound-symbolic analysis of the spells featured in the Harry Potter series. The present research analysed 171 spells in terms of syllable lengths and the number of voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels. The results showed that the Killing Curse, Avada Kedavra, which is known as one of the most powerful and sinister spells, has the most voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels. The study then experimentally examined whether three factors – syllable lengths, voiced obstruents and low vowels – evoked the imagery of powerful spells using nonce words. The results suggested that voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels are sound-symbolically associated with powerful imagery, which aligns with the studies in Pokémonastics concerning strong character names (Kawahara et al. 2018; Shih et al. 2019). Moreover, names containing more syllables were favoured as powerful spells by those who are unfamiliar with the Harry Potter series, which is evidence of the iconicity of quantity in general English speakers.

DOI： 10.1515/opli-2021-0025

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings, is receiving increasing attention in linguistics, psychology and related disciplines. One general question that is currently explored in this research is what sorts of semantic properties can be symbolically represented. Against this background, within the general research paradigm which explores the nature of sound symbolism using Pokémon names, several recent studies have shown that Japanese speakers associate certain classes of sounds with notions that are as complex as Pokémon types. Specifically, Japanese speakers associate (1) sibilants with the flying type, (2) voiced obstruents with the dark type, and (3) labial consonants with the fairy type. These sound symbolic effects arguably have their roots in the phonetic properties of the sounds at issue, and hence are not expected to be specific to Japanese. The current study thus addressed the question whether these sound symbolic associations hold with native speakers of English. Two experiments show that these sound symbolic patterns were very robustly observed when the stimuli were presented in pairs; when the stimuli were presented in isolation, the effects were also tangible, although not as robust. We conclude that English speakers can associate certain types of sounds with particular Pokémon types, with an important caveat that we observed a clear task effect. Overall the current results lend some credibility to the hypothesis that those attributes that play a role in Pokémons' survival are actively signaled by sound symbolism.

DOI： 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648948

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Kawahara, Noto, and Kumagai (2018b) found that within the corpus of existing Pokémon names, the number of voiced obstruents in the characters’ names correlates positively with their weight, height, evolution levels and attack values. While later experimental studies to some extent confirmed the productivity of these sound symbolic relationships (e.g. Kawahara and Kumagai 2019a), they are limited, due to the fact that the visual images presented to the participants primarily differed with regard to evolution levels. The current experiments thus for the first time directly explored how each of these semantic dimensions—weight, height, evolution levels, and attack values—correlates with the number of voiced obstruents in nonce names. The results of two judgment experiments show that all of these parameters indeed correlate positively with the number of voiced obstruents in the names. Overall, the results show that a particular class of sounds—in our case, a set of voiced obstruents—can signal different semantic meanings within a single language, supporting the pluripotentiality of sound symbolism (Winter, Pérez-Sobrino, and Brown 2019). We also address another general issue that has been under-explored in the literature on sound symbolism; namely, its cumulative nature. In both of the experiments, we observe that two voiced obstruents evoke stronger images than one voiced obstruent, instantiating what is known as the counting cumulativity effect (Jäger and Rosenbach 2006).

DOI： 10.1515/jjl-2021-2031

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Several studies in linguistics and related disciplines have been extensively exploring sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings. Against this theoretical development, research on Pokémon names has shed new light on cross-linguistic similarities and differences in sound symbolic patterns, using similar experimental stimuli across different target languages. A recent experimental study has demonstrated that Brazilian Portuguese speakers sound-symbolically signal evolution when naming Pokémon characters: post-evolution Pokémon characters tend to receive longer names with more voiced obstruents, while pre-evolution characters tend to receive shorter names with fewer voiced obstruents. Other recent studies showed that in Japanese and English, sound symbolism can also signal differences in Pokémon type: evil-looking characters tend to be associated with voiced obstruents, while flying-type characters tend to have names with sibilants. Integrating the insights offered by these two lines of previous studies, the current paper examines whether Brazilian Portuguese speakers are sensitive to these type-related sound symbolic associations. To improve upon previous studies, we used a free-naming task in order to give participants freedom to create new names. This experiment corroborated the associations between voiced obstruents and evil-type characters, but not the association between sibilants and flying-type characters. A follow-up experiment with a forced-choice paradigm, the same method used in earlier work, also failed to reveal systematic connections between sibilants and flying-type characters. These results indicate that this association may not be universal, contrary to the claim made in previous studies.

DOI： 10.5334/jpl.257

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

이 논문에서는, 형태소 경계에 위치하는 중자음(촉음)의 유표성이 일본어 단축어 형성에 미치는 영향에 대해 고찰하였다. 단일어의 경우, 무성저해음 뿐만 아니라 유 성저해음도 중자음을 구성할 수 있지만(예:/kjappu/, /heddo/), 접근음은 중자음화되기 어렵다. 한편 복합 단축어의 경우에는, 무성저해음이 가장 많이 중자음화하는 것으로 나타났다(예:/nikkado/). 그러나 촉음을 포함하는 복합 단축어의 예가 매우 적고, 복합 어를 구성하는 요소에 따라서는 특정한 패턴으로 단축되는 경향이 있었다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위해, 어형성 실험을 시행하였다. 실험에서는, 촉음이 단축어에 유지되는 패턴(예:/niQkeru/+/kadomiumu/→/niQkado/, /Q/는 중자음의 첫 번째 요소)과, 촉음 대신 촉음 바로 뒤에 위치한 자립박이 단축어에 포함되는 패 (예:/neQto/+/geemu/→/netoge/)을 사용하였다. 일본어 모국어 화자에게 가상 복합어와 두 단축 패턴을 제시하고, 단축 시 더욱더 자연스럽게 느껴지는 패턴을 한 가지만 고르게 하였다. 실험결과, 무성저해음으로 구성되는 중자음의 허용도는 가장 높은 반면, 접근음은 가장회피되는 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과는, 본래 일본어의 고유어에만 적용되는 음운 제약이, 화자의 어휘부에 존재하지 않는 외래어에도 적용될 수 있다는 가능성을 시사한다. 또한 자음의 공명도가 높을수록 중자음을 형성하기 어렵다는 유표성 계층(Podesva 2002; Kawahara 2007)이 일본어 단축어 형성 과정에 영향을 미치는 중요한요인 중 하나라는 사실이 검증되었다.

The current study focuses on consonant gemination in truncated compounds of Japanese loanwords. In this language, voiced and voiceless obstruent geminates can be observed in lexical simple loanwords (e.g., /kjappu/ ‘cap’, /heddo/ ‘head’), while approximants can hardly be geminated, on the one hand, and truncated compounds allow only voiceless obstruent geminates (e.g., /nikkado/ ‘nickel cádmium’; /wetti/ ‘wet wipes’), on the other hand. The aim of the current study is to experimentally examine whether voiced obstruent and approximant geminates are less likely to appear than voiceless geminates. There are two main types of truncated patterns of compounds whose first element contains the first part of a geminate in the second-initial mora. The first type contains the first part of the geminate (e.g., /niQkeru/ ‘nickel’ + /kadomiumu/ ‘cádmium’ → /niQkado/ ‘nickel cádmium’) (‘Q’ represents the first part of the geminates). The second type avoids gemination and instead contains the third mora (e.g., /neQto/ ‘Internet’ + /geemu/ ‘game’ → /netoge/ ‘computer game’). Our experiment prepared twenty-seven new compounds with a nonce word in the first element and a real word in the second one (e.g., /seQtarisu/ + /panorama/ ‘panorama’) and asked thirty-two native speakers of Japanese which of the two patterns (/seQpano/ vs. /setapano/) would be preferred. The results showed that voiceless geminates were the most acceptable, while approximant geminates were the least acceptable, and voiced geminates came in the middle. A possible reason for the difference between voiceless and voiced obstruents is that the truncation process of loanwords can be affected by the constraint working in native words of Japanese that voiceless obstruents are much more likely to occur than voiced ones. Furthermore, the difference between voiced obstruents and approximants can be accounted for by the markedness hierarchy of sonority in gemination that the higher the sonority is, the more difficult it is to become a geminate (Podesva 2002; Kawahara 2007). This is why more sonorous consonants (i.e., approximants) were less acceptable than less sonorous ones (i.e., voiced obstruents).

DOI： 10.17003/jllak.2021.116..61

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The current study experimentally examined whether labial consonants were sound-symbolically associated with the images of softness and cuteness in Japanese and English. The results showed that all the bilabial consonants [p, b, m, ɸ, w] used in Japanese convey such images. In English, the consonants evoking the image of softness were bilabials but not labiodentals, and those linked to the image of cuteness were unaspirated, low-frequency bilabials. These results demonstrated the pluripotentiality of sound symbolism, meaning that a certain set of linguistic sounds evokes different meanings and images both within a single language and across languages (e.g. Winter et al. 2019; Kawahara and Kumagai to appear). Moreover, under the backcloth that the description of the glide /w/ concerning the place of articulation in Japanese and English is not uncontroversial, the current paper indicates – based on the current sound-symbolic experimental results – that the glide /w/ is phonologically labial in each language.

DOI： 10.1515/opli-2020-0040

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.1075/rcl.00066.uno

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Ancient writers, including Socrates and the Upanishads, argued that sibilants are associated with the notions of wind, air and sky. From modern perspectives, these statements can be understood as an assertion about sound symbolism, i.e., systematic connections between sounds and meanings. Inspired by these writers, this article reports on an experiment that tests a sound symbolic value of sibilants. The experiment is a case study situated within the Pokémonastics research paradigm, in which the researchers explore the sound symbolic patterns in natural languages using Pokémon names. The current experiment shows that when presented with pairs of a flying-type Pokémon character and a normal-type Pokémon character, Japanese speakers are more likely to associate the flying-type Pokémons with names that contain sibilants than those names that do not contain sibilants. As was pointed out by Socrates, the sound symbolic connection identified in the experiment is likely to be grounded in the articulatory properties of sibilants – the large amount of oral airflow that accompanies the production of sibilants. Various implications of the current experiment for the sound symbolism research are discussed throughout the article.

DOI： 10.1515/opli-2020-0027

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The current paper shows three case studies of sound symbolism in fictional names featured in popular Japanese computer games: Digital Monster, Monster Hunter, and Final Fantasy. First, we show positive correlations between evolutionary stages and the number of voiced obstruents and the number of morae in Digital Monster. This replicates the results of the sound-symbolic analysis of Pokémon names conducted by Kawahara et al. (2018a). Second, we show that only the effect of the morae is positively associated with the size (height) of the monsters in Monster Hunter. Third, we reveal a positive correlation between the spell levels in Final Fantasy and the number of voiced obstruents, but not between the spell levels and the number of morae.

DOI： 10.24467/onseikenkyu.24.0_63

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

現在，日本で市販されている赤ちゃん用オムツには，唇音 [p, m] を含
む名前が多い（例：「メリーズ（/meriizu/）」，「ムーニー（/muunii/）」，「パンパース（/panpaasu/）」，「マミーポコ（/mamiipoko/）」）。この観察は，唇音が喃語に多く現れる子音であるという事実と関連がある可能性もあり興味深い。本研究では，日本の赤ちゃん用オムツの名付けを題材として，音象徴の抽象性と生産性について，2 つの実験を通して探求する。実験1 では，無意味語を用いた強制選択実験により，日本語における5 つの唇音 [p, b, m, ɸ, w] が赤ちゃん用オムツの名前として選ばれやすいことを示す。実験2 では，赤ちゃん用オムツと大人用化粧品の自由名付け課題を行った結果，5 つの唇音が大人用化粧品の名前よりも赤ちゃん用オムツの名前に多く現れることを示す。これらの結果から，
当該の音象徴的つながりが [p] や [m] のような分節音単位ではなく，より抽象的な唇性 [labial] というレベルで成り立っていること，そして，生産性を持っていることが示唆される。このような抽象性や生産性は，他の音韻現象でも観察されることであり，音象徴パタンが他の音韻パタンと共通性を持っていると結論づけられる。

DOI： 10.11435/gengo.157.0_149

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（大学，研究機関等紀要）  

In recent years, we have witnessed a dramatically growing interest in sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings. A recent case study of sound symbolism shows that in Pokémon games, longer names are generally associated with stronger Pokémon characters, and moreover those Pokémon characters with names having more voiced obstruents are generally stronger (Kawahara et al., 2018b). The current study examined the productivity of these sound symbolic effects in the names of the moves that Pokémon creatures use when they battle. The analysis of the existing move names shows that the effect of name length on attack values is robust, and that the effect of voiced obstruents is tangible. These sound symbolic patterns hold, despite the fact that most (= 99%) move names are based on real words in Japanese. An additional experiment with nonce names shows that both of these effects are very robust. Overall, the current paper adds to the growing body of studies showing that the relationships between sounds and meanings are not as arbitrary as modern linguistic theories have standardly assumed. Uniquely, the current analysis of the existing move names shows that such non-arbitrary relationships can hold even when the set of words under consideration are mostly existing words (Shih & Rudin, 2019; Sidhu et al., 2019).

DOI： 10.34577/00004622

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

In this study, we discuss markedness in loanwords, focusing on the case of compound truncation in Japanese. Specifically, we target OCP-C and OCP-CV effects on patterns of compound truncation with loanwords, which prohibit the repetition of consonants (OCP-C) and morae (OCP-CV) at morpheme boundaries. The results indicate that identical consonants and moraic-CV are more likely avoided in compound truncation. Therefore, based on the previous experimental studies using native and Sino-Japanese words, we suggest that the OCP-C and OCP-CV effects are at work pervasively across lexical strata in the Japanese lexicon, including in loanwords. Whether other OCP constraints that are not tested in the current study are applicable to all lexical classes is left for future research.

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Recent studies show that sound symbolic principles are operative in Pokémon characters’ names; e.g., those characters with names that contain more voiced obstruents tend to be larger and heavier (Kawahara et al. 2018b). One question that arose from this line of research is whether other attributes of Pokémon—specifically their types—show any tangible effects of sound symbolism. This question is related to the more general issue of what kinds of semantic attributes/dimensions can be signaled by sound symbolism. In answer to this question, Hosokawa et al. (2018) showed that the dark type characters are more likely to contain voiced stops and less likely to contain labial consonants in their names than the fairy type characters. The current judgment experiment shows that these associations are productive. Moreover, the effect sizes of sound symbolism were not correlated with each participant’s familiarity with Pokémon, suggesting that the sound symbolic knowledge is more abstract than what can be gleaned from the Pokémon lexicon.

DOI： 10.24467/onseikenkyu.23.0_111

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

Sound symbolism refers to stochastic and systematic associations between sounds and meanings.Sound symbolism has not received much serious attention in the generative phonology literature, perhaps because most if not all sound symbolic patterns are probabilistic. Building on the recent proposal to analyze sound symbolic patterns within a formal phonological framework (Alderete and Kochetov 2017), this paper shows that MaxEnt grammars allow us to model stochastic sound symbolic patterns in a very natural way.The analyses presented in the paper show that sound symbolic relationships can be modeled in the same way that we model phonological patterns. We suggest that there is nothing fundamental that prohibits formal phonologists from analyzing sound symbolic patterns, and that studying sound symbolism using a formal framework may open up a new, interesting research domain. The current study also reports two hitherto unnoticed cases of sound symbolism, thereby expanding the empirical scope of sound symbolic patterns in natural languages.

DOI： 10.1515/opli-2019-0007

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The current study deals with two topics. One is the new nicknaming trend in Japanese whereby [h] alternates with [p]. In Experiment I, I established the hypothesis that the process is driven to express cuteness, and experimentally demonstrated that singleton [p] is more likely to be associated with cuteness than other consonants in Japanese. The other topic discussed in the current paper is the orthographic Lyman’s Law, or OCP(diacritic) (Kawahara, Shigeto. 2018. Phonology and orthography: The orthographic characterization of rendaku and Lyman’s Law. Glossa: a Journal of General Linguistics 3(1). 1–24.). In Experiment II, I tested whether OCP(diacritic) is psychologically real in the minds of Japanese speakers, using nicknames with [h]→[p] alternation already applied. The results showed that the naturalness of nicknames is reduced when they contain singleton [p] and voiced obstruents, both of which need a diacritical mark in hiragana and katakana. This suggests that OCP(diacritic) is active in nicknaming processes beyond rendaku and devoicing of voiced geminates. Experiment II also showed that the naturalness of nicknames is affected by other OCP effects such as OCP(C), OCP(CV), and OCP(labial). This result suggests that such OCP effects impinge on the patterns resulting from nicknaming formation.

DOI： 10.1515/jjl-2019-2004

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

There has been a growing interest in sound symbolic patterns in natural languages, in which some sounds are associated with particular meanings. Previous corpus-based research identified some specific sound symbolic relationships in Pokémon naming patterns in Japanese (Kawahara et al. 2018b). One of the main findings was that the names of Pokémon characters are more likely to contain voiced obstruents, and are longer in terms of mora count, when the Pokémon characters undergo evolution (e.g. nyoromo → nyorozo; poppo → pijotto). The current study reports three experiments that test whether (i) these patterns are productive in the minds of general Japanese speakers, and whether (ii) the same tendency holds with English speakers. The results show that the effect of phonological length was clearly observed both with Japanese and English speakers; the effects of voiced obstruents were observed clearly with Japanese speakers, but less clearly with English speakers. Along the way, we address other general issues related to sound symbolism: (iii) to what extent the sound symbolic effects identified in Kawahara et al. (2018b) rely on familiarity with Pokémon, and (iv) whether word-initial segments invoke stronger images than word-internal segments. In addition to its research value, we emphasize that this general project on Pokémon names can be useful for undergraduate phonetics education.

DOI： 10.1515/jjl-2019-2002

researchmap

担当区分：筆頭著者   記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

本研究では，ポケモンの名付けにおける新たな音象徴的イメージを検証した2 つの実験を報告する。実験1 では，進化後のポケモンの名前として，開口度の大きい母音[a] が，開口度の小さい母音[i, u] よりもふさわしいことが明らかになった。また，有声阻害音の数の効果を検証した結果，進化後のポケモンの名前として，有声阻害音が2 つ含まれる名前は，それが1 つしか含まれていない名前よりふさわしいこともわかった。実験2 では，母音と有声阻害音の優先性や相乗効果の検証も行った。その結果，ブーバ・キキ効果と同様に，母音の効果より，子音の効果のほうが強く現れること，そして，母音と有声阻害音の組み合わせは，どちらか一方を含む場合よりも，進化後のポケモンの名前として判断されやすいことが明らかになった。さらに，本研究では，実験2で得られた母音と有声阻害音の音象徴的効果について，制約理論である最大エントロピーモデル（Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) Grammar）の枠組みでの分析も提供し，音象徴を生成言語理論の視点から捉える。

DOI： 10.11435/gengo.155.0_65

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

This paper presents a case study of sound symbolism, cases in which certain sounds tend to be associated with particular meanings. We used the corpus of all Japanese Pokémon names available as of October 2016. We tested the effects of voiced obstruents, mora counts, and vowel quality on Pokémon characters' size, weight, strength parameters, and evolution levels. We found that the number of voiced obstruents in Pokémon names correlates positively with size, weight, evolution levels, and general strength parameters, except for speed. We argue that this result is compatible with the frequency code hypothesis of Ohala. The number of moras in Pokémon names correlates positively with size, weight, evolution levels, and all strength parameters. Vowel height is also shown to have an influence on size and weight - Pokémon characters with initial high vowels tend to be smaller and lighter, although the effect size is not very large. Not only does this paper offer a new case study of sound symbolism, it provides evidence that sound symbolism is at work when naming proper nouns.

DOI： 10.1159/000484938

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

The question of whether linguistic knowledge is binary (i.e., grammatical vs. ungrammatical) or stochastic is one of the most important questions in general linguistic inquiry. Much recent work in the last few decades has argued that phonological knowledge is stochastic (e.g., Hayes & Londe 2006). Building on this body of research, we show that in Japanese, gradient phonological knowledge affects several word formation patterns in stochastic ways. Concretely, we show that identity avoidance effects hold at both the segmental and the CV-moraic levels and stochastically affect two types of word formation patterns in Japanese: group name formation and rendaku. We show that Maximum Entropy Grammar (Goldwater & Johnson 2003), together with multiple OCP constraints (Coetzee & Pater 2008), successfully models both of the observed morphological word formation patterns without any further stipulation. In addition to this theoretical contribution, one of the patterns discussed in this paper—group name formation—has not been analyzed from the perspective of formal phonological theories before, and hence this paper has descriptive novelty as well.

DOI： 10.11435/gengo.153.0_57

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：開拓社  

Harmonic Grammar is a constraint-based theory in which constraints are numerically weighted. In the theory, lower-weighted constraints overcome a constraint with a higher weight, which is what we call a “gang effect.” Farris-Trimble (2008) scrutinizes the cumulativity of violations of faithfulness constraints by looking at loanword adaptation of Fula and Hawaiian. However, cumulative faithfulness effects (CFEs) have not been sufficiently discussed in the literature on loanword adaptation. The aim of the present paper is to show a CFE on repair for consonant clusters in Māori loanword adaptations. This case study shows that violations of two faithfulness constraints tradeoff for a violation of a third faithfulness constraint.

CiNii Books

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

The Fijian language forbids coda consonants and consonant clusters, allowing a vowel to be inserted in English loanwords. Copy epenthesis is a repair strategy that is observed in Fijian loanword adaptation. The issue addressed here is what determines the target of vowel copy. This paper proposes that by invoking an expanded version of prosodic projection theory developed by Martínez-Paricio (2012, 2013), Fijian constructs recursive feet, which play an important role in predicting the target of vowel copy. The proposal is that copy epenthesis occurs within maximal/minimal feet where the epenthetic vowel belongs, unless the target per se is an epenthetic vowel.

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）  

English loanwords into Fijian undergo vowel epenthesis, as Fijian disallows coda consonants and consonant clusters. Vowel copy is an option for determining epenthetic vowel quality in loanword adaptation (Kumagai 2016a; Schütz 1978, 2004). The target of copy epenthesis seems to be either the preceding or following vowel of the epenthetic site. However, the choice of target vowel is indeterminate, as there is no vowel copy in Fijian native phonology1; this is a logical problem of loanword adaptation (Kumagai 2016a, 2016b, 2016c for discussion).
This paper offers a resolution to the problem by adopting an expanded version of prosodic projection theory (Martínez-Paricio 2012, 2013: henceforth, MP), in which feet are allowed to exhibit maximal/minimal projection. I propose Foot Condition, which requires the Foot[±max/±min] to circumscribe the vowel copy domain.

DOI： 10.3765/amp.v3i0.3651

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：開拓社  

This paper examines the factors that determine epenthetic vowel quality of English loanword into Fijian. It is argued that epenthetic vowel quality in Fijian loanwords can be explained by the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies (Paradis and LaCharité 1997), and that the important factors determining the epenthetic vowel quality are the articulation of the adjacent consonant and epenthetic environments. It is also shown that Fijian epenthesis patterns are similar to those found in Shona and Tongan loanword adaptations.

CiNii Books

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：開拓社  

This paper deals with the prosodic conditions on inherited and epenthetic vowels in Fijian loanword adaptation, which we call Prosodic Prominence Conditions. Condition A requires epenthetic vowels not to be lengthened. Condition B disallows the stressing of epenthetic vowels. Condition C prohibits inherited short vowels from undergoing stress assignment and lengthening. Condition D states that less sonorous segments should avoid stress. This study shows that these conditions can be easily accounted for using a local conjunction in Optimality Theory.

CiNii Books

researchmap

記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：開拓社  

This paper deals with two topics involving Japanese rendaku. One topic is whether the Right-Branch Condition (RBC) (Otsu, 1980) is psychologically represented in the minds of Japanese speakers. Kozman (1998) and Ihara and Murata (2006) conducted experiments on the psychological status of the RBC, but they yielded different results. Hence, the issue should be reexamined using a new experimental design. The other topic is whether the linguistic behavior of Japanese speakers is affected by the lexical frequency of the elements involved. An experiment on Japanese children (Fukuda & Fukuda, 1999) suggests that highly frequent compounds are memorized with the voicing of rendaku already applied. This probably holds in the case of Japanese adults, and if so, we expect them to be affected by the frequency of internal two-element compounds when they encounter three-element compounds involving the RBC. This paper reports an experiment with three-element compounds that examines whether adult Japanese speakers follow the RBC. Unlike previous experiments on three-element compounds, the present experiment presented specific contexts in order for participants to make realistic judgments. The results showed that the effect of the RBC was not clearly observed even when specific contexts were provided. The results also indicated that the blocking of the RBC was strengthened by two-element compounds that are frequently encountered by adult speakers.

researchmap

記述言語：英語  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：記事・総説・解説・論説等（その他）  

researchmap

記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

国名：フランス共和国  

researchmap

記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語  

researchmap

記述言語：英語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：公開講演，セミナー，チュートリアル，講習，講義等  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

記述言語：日本語   会議種別：口頭発表（招待・特別）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：口頭発表（一般）  

researchmap

会議種別：ポスター発表  

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap

researchmap