Updated on 2025/01/30

写真a

 
KUMAGAI,Gakuji
 
Organization
Faculty of Letters Associate Professor
Title
Associate Professor
Contact information
メールアドレス
External link

Research Areas

  • Humanities & Social Sciences / Linguistics  / Phonetics; Phonology

Research History

  • Kansai University   Department of English Language and Literature, Faculty of Letters   Associate Professor

    2021.4

      More details

    Country:Japan

    researchmap

  • Keio University   Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies   Research Associate

    2020.4

      More details

  • Meikai University   Faculty of Languages and Cultures   Full-time lecturer

    2018.4 - 2021.3

      More details

Professional Memberships

Committee Memberships

  • The English Linguistic Society of Japan   The Conference Organizing Committee  

    2022.12 - Present   

      More details

    Committee type:Academic society

    researchmap

  • The Phonological Society of Japan   Board Member  

    2021.4 - Present   

      More details

    Committee type:Academic society

    researchmap

Papers

  • Japanese speakers can infer specific sub-lexicons using phonotactic cues Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Linguistics Vanguard   10 ( 1 )   1 - 15   2024.12

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Phonotactic restrictions do not usually hold uniformly across the entire lexicon of a particular language, and thus the lexicon of a natural language is often assumed to consist of different sub-lexicons. A question that arises is how specific these sub-lexicons can be. A classic, conservative approach is to posit only broad distinctions, such as the distinction between native words versus borrowed words. An alternative approach is to posit more specific miniature lexicons, such as a set of morphemes that show a particular morpheme-specific pattern or a set of loanwords from a particular language. With this general theoretical issue in mind, this paper first points out that there are phonotactic restrictions that can cue a very specific class of words in Japanese; for example, geminate /ɾɾ/ occurs almost exclusively in loanwords from Italian. Building upon these novel observations, the current experiments tested whether Japanese speakers can infer specific sets of words such as “snack names”, “Italian restaurant names”, and “German names” based on particular phonotactic cues. The results of the two experiments support the idea that the lexicon of a natural language can consist of very specific sub-lexicons, at least going beyond the often posited native versus loanword distinction.

    DOI: 10.1515/lingvan-2024-0097

    researchmap

  • The nonlocal nature of Lyman’s Law revisited Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Laboratory Phonology   15 ( 1 )   1 - 25   2024.10

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Past studies (Vance, 1979; Kawahara, 2012) of rendaku, a morphonological alternation in Japanese, have produced conflicting results about the sensitivity of Lyman’s Law to a locality effect in nonce words. In a large-scale forced-choice experiment with 72 stimuli, our analysis of the responses from 180 native speakers of Japanese shows that for many speakers, Lyman’s Law is indeed sensitive to a locality effect: in nonce words, the blockage effect of rendaku by Lyman’s Law tends to be stronger when the blocker consonant is in the second syllable than when it is in the third syllable. This finding supports Vance’s original insight. Then, to explore why Kawahara’s study failed to find a locality effect, we replicated it with a larger number of speakers, and found some evidence that the locality effect is identifiable in a naturalness judgment experiment as well.

    DOI: 10.16995/labphon.10808

    researchmap

  • Exploring avoidance of consecutive heavy syllables in Japanese compound truncation Reviewed

    Changyun Moon, Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Studies   27   35 - 42   2024.3

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    researchmap

  • How Russian speakers express evolution in Pokémon names II: The effects of contrastive palatalization and name length Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Naoya Watabe, Shigeto Kawahara

    Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan   27   64 - 72   2023.10

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Kumagai & Kawahara (2022) found that Russian speakers tend to judge names with [Ca] to be more suitable for larger, post-evolution Pokémon characters than names with [Ci]. This result raised a new question regarding whether it is the vowel quality difference or consonant palatalization caused by [i] that affected the responses. The current experiment compared three conditions ([Ca] vs. [Cja] vs. [Ci]) and found that names with [Cja] were judged to be least appropriate for post-evolution characters, suggesting the important role of phonemic palatalization. The current experiment additionally showed that Russian speakers tend to judge longer names to be more suitable for post-evolution characters.

    DOI: 10.24467/onseikenkyu.27.2_64

    researchmap

  • Express[p] in expressive phonology: Analysis of a nicknaming pattern using ‘princess’ in Japanese Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonology   40 ( 3-4 )   267 - 290   2023.8

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Recent studies have shown that sound-symbolic patterns can be modelled using phonological theory. The purpose of the current study is to describe a new Japanese nicknaming pattern, pime-yobi, wherein [h] alternates with [p] to express cuteness, and to model it using Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar. The current study, building on the analysis of Alderete & Kochetov (2017), proposes a sound-symbolic constraint, Express[p], which requires output forms to contain [p]. The results of two experiments show that Japanese speakers found names containing [p]s to be cuter than those without them and that pime-yobi nicknaming exhibits intra- and inter-speaker variation in acceptability and cuteness. Based on these results, theoretical analysis shows that the weight of Express[p] varies both across different speakers and within the same speaker.

    DOI: 10.1017/S0952675724000101

    researchmap

  • Sound symbolic values of phonological/morphological structures and accentedness: A case study of Japanese baby diaper names Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan   26   97 - 108   2023.4

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    DOI: 10.24467/onseikenkyu.26.3_97

    researchmap

  • Lyman’s Law can count only up to two Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology   14 ( 1 )   1 - 27   2023.1

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher:Open Library of the Humanities  

    One long-standing question that is recurrently addressed in contemporary phonological studies is whether phonological systems can count beyond three. The traditional view is that phonological systems can count only up to two but not more (e.g., Ito & Mester, 2003; McCarthy & Prince, 1986); some scholars, however, recently argue that phonological system should actually be able to count beyond three (e.g., Paster, 2019; Kim, 2022). The current experiments address this general question regarding counting by studying Rendaku and Lyman’s Law in Japanese. Rendaku is a morphophonological process in which the morpheme-initial voiceless obstruent of a second member of a compound becomes voiced. The application of Rendaku is significantly reduced if the second member already contains a voiced obstruent, a generalization that is known as Lyman’s Law. Experiment 1 compared the applicability of Rendaku in nonce words which contain one voiced obstruent (e.g., [taguta]) and those which contain two voiced obstruents (e.g., [tegebi]). If Lyman’s Law counts beyond three, Rendaku application is predicted to be more substantially reduced in the latter condition, as Rendaku would create morphemes which contains three voiced obstruents (i.e., [degebi]). The results show, however, that no meaningful differences were observed between the two conditions. Experiment 2 tested the recent claim that two nasal consonants may reduce the applicability of Rendaku (Kim, 2020; Kumagai, 2017), which, if true, suggests that Lyman’s Law disfavors a configuration in which a voiced obstruent is followed by two nasals. The experimental results show that the evidence for the blockage of Rendaku by two nasals is weak at best if present at all. Overall, we conclude that there is no strong evidence that Lyman’s Law counts (Ito & Mester, 2003).

    DOI: 10.16995/labphon.9335

    researchmap

  • Rendaku is not blocked by two nasal consonants: A reply to Kim (2022) Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Glossa: a journal of general linguistics   8 ( 1 )   1 - 16   2023.1

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher:Open Library of the Humanities  

    Rendaku is a morphophonological process in Japanese, in which the first consonant of the second element of compounds becomes voiced (e.g. /ao-sora/ → [ao-zora] ‘blue sky’). In a recent paper, Kim (2022) argues that the presence of two nasals—but not one nasal— in the second element reduces the probability of Rendaku application (e.g. /umi-kamome/ → [umi-kamome], *[umi-gamome] ‘seagull’). This claim has an important consequence for grammatical theories, as it would constitute a case in which the influences of two segments add up to block a phonological process, a pattern that is referred to as “super-additive counting cumulativity.” We have reexamined the empirical basis of this claim, and have found that there are only four relevant lexical items. Moreover, two of these items actually undergo Rendaku almost all the time, and there are thus only two items whose Rendaku is clearly blocked. The empirical basis of the theoretical claim based on Rendaku thus seems to be weak at best. With this, we move on to the main contribution of this paper, which is a new nonce-word experiment that aimed to resolve the conflicting results from the previous studies on this topic. The results of the current experiment show that the applicability of Rendaku is not reduced by the presence of two nasal consonants.

    DOI: 10.16995/glossa.9550

    researchmap

  • What’s in a Japanese kawaii ‘cute’ name? A linguistic perspective Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Frontiers in Psychology   13   1040415   2022.11

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    While the concept termed as kawaii is often translated into English as ‘cute’ or ‘pretty’, it has multiple connotations. It is one of the most significant topics of investigation in behavioural science and Kansei/affective engineering. This study aims to explore linguistic (phonetic and phonological) features/units associated with kawaii. Specifically, it examines, through experimental methods, what kinds of phonetic and phonological features are associated with kawaii, in terms of the following three consonantal features: place of articulation, voicing/frequency, and manner of articulation. The results showed that the features associated with kawaii are: [labial], [high frequency], and [sonorant]. The factors associated with kawaii may include the pouting gesture, babyishness, smallness, femininity, and roundness. The study findings have practical implications due to their applicability regarding the naming of anime characters and products characterised by kawaii.

    DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1040415

    researchmap

  • How Russian speakers express evolution in Pokémon names: an experimental study with nonce words Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Linguistics Vanguard   8 ( 1 )   15 - 27   2022.10

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher:Walter de Gruyter GmbH  

    Sound symbolism, systematic and iconic relationships between sounds and meanings, is now a topic that is very actively explored by linguists, psychologists and cognitive scientists. As a new research strategy to study the nature of sound symbolic connections across different languages, a number of scholars have started using Pokémon names, a research paradigm that is now dubbed “Pokémonastics.” The previous Pokémonastics studies have experimentally explored how the evolution status is symbolically expressed by native speakers of English, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese. Building on these studies, the current experiment examined the sound symbolic knowledge of Russian speakers, and found that they are more likely to associate large, post-evolution Pokémon characters with names containing voiced obstruents than with names containing voiceless obstruents, and that they are also more likely to associate post-evolution characters with names containing [a] than with names containing [i]. The experiment also revealed that Russian speakers are less likely to associate post-evolution characters with names having labial consonants than with names having coronal or dorsal consonants. Overall, the current results show that Russian speakers generally have knowledge of sound symbolic associations that is similar to that of English, Japanese and Brazilian Portuguese speakers, suggesting that some sound symbolic patterns hold robustly across multiple languages.

    DOI: 10.1515/lingvan-2021-0101

    researchmap

    Other Link: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0101/pdf

  • Do labial consonants evoke the images of softness and cuteness cross-linguistically? An experiment with Chinese and Korean speakers Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Changyun Moon

    Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan   25   87 - 96   2022.1

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    The purpose of this study is to report on an experiment that examined whether labial consonants evoked images of softness and cuteness in Chinese and Korean and to discuss cross-linguistic similarities and differences in sound symbolic associations. The main findings of the study were: 1) not all labial consonants were associated with such images in Chinese and Korean; 2) the labial consonants judged appropriate for a ‘soft’ image were always judged appropriate for a ‘cute’ image in both Chinese and Korean as well as in Japanese; and 3) the bilabial sonorant [m] evoked images of softness and cuteness in Chinese and Korean as well as in Japanese and English.

    DOI: 10.24467/onseikenkyu.25.0_87

    researchmap

  • Analysing spells in the Harry Potter series: Sound-symbolic effects of syllable lengths, voiced obstruents and low vowels Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Open Linguistics   7   511 - 530   2021.9

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    The current study is the first to attempt to perform a sound-symbolic analysis of the spells featured in the Harry Potter series. The present research analysed 171 spells in terms of syllable lengths and the number of voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels. The results showed that the Killing Curse, Avada Kedavra, which is known as one of the most powerful and sinister spells, has the most voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels. The study then experimentally examined whether three factors – syllable lengths, voiced obstruents and low vowels – evoked the imagery of powerful spells using nonce words. The results suggested that voiced obstruents and stressed low vowels are sound-symbolically associated with powerful imagery, which aligns with the studies in Pokémonastics concerning strong character names (Kawahara et al. 2018; Shih et al. 2019). Moreover, names containing more syllables were favoured as powerful spells by those who are unfamiliar with the Harry Potter series, which is evidence of the iconicity of quantity in general English speakers.

    DOI: 10.1515/opli-2021-0025

    researchmap

  • English speakers can infer Pokémon types based on sound symbolism Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Mahayana C. Godoy, Gakuji Kumagai

    Frontiers in Psychology   12   648948   2021.7

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings, is receiving increasing attention in linguistics, psychology and related disciplines. One general question that is currently explored in this research is what sorts of semantic properties can be symbolically represented. Against this background, within the general research paradigm which explores the nature of sound symbolism using Pokémon names, several recent studies have shown that Japanese speakers associate certain classes of sounds with notions that are as complex as Pokémon types. Specifically, Japanese speakers associate (1) sibilants with the flying type, (2) voiced obstruents with the dark type, and (3) labial consonants with the fairy type. These sound symbolic effects arguably have their roots in the phonetic properties of the sounds at issue, and hence are not expected to be specific to Japanese. The current study thus addressed the question whether these sound symbolic associations hold with native speakers of English. Two experiments show that these sound symbolic patterns were very robustly observed when the stimuli were presented in pairs; when the stimuli were presented in isolation, the effects were also tangible, although not as robust. We conclude that English speakers can associate certain types of sounds with particular Pokémon types, with an important caveat that we observed a clear task effect. Overall the current results lend some credibility to the hypothesis that those attributes that play a role in Pokémons' survival are actively signaled by sound symbolism.

    DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648948

    researchmap

  • What voiced obstruents symbolically represent in Japanese: Evidence from the Pokémon universe Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Journal of Japanese Linguistics   37 ( 1 )   3 - 24   2021.4

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Kawahara, Noto, and Kumagai (2018b) found that within the corpus of existing Pokémon names, the number of voiced obstruents in the characters’ names correlates positively with their weight, height, evolution levels and attack values. While later experimental studies to some extent confirmed the productivity of these sound symbolic relationships (e.g. Kawahara and Kumagai 2019a), they are limited, due to the fact that the visual images presented to the participants primarily differed with regard to evolution levels. The current experiments thus for the first time directly explored how each of these semantic dimensions—weight, height, evolution levels, and attack values—correlates with the number of voiced obstruents in nonce names. The results of two judgment experiments show that all of these parameters indeed correlate positively with the number of voiced obstruents in the names. Overall, the results show that a particular class of sounds—in our case, a set of voiced obstruents—can signal different semantic meanings within a single language, supporting the pluripotentiality of sound symbolism (Winter, Pérez-Sobrino, and Brown 2019). We also address another general issue that has been under-explored in the literature on sound symbolism; namely, its cumulative nature. In both of the experiments, we observe that two voiced obstruents evoke stronger images than one voiced obstruent, instantiating what is known as the counting cumulativity effect (Jäger and Rosenbach 2006).

    DOI: 10.1515/jjl-2021-2031

    researchmap

  • Sound symbolism in Brazilian Portuguese Pokémon names: Evidence for cross-linguistic similarities and differences Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

    Godoy, Mahayana C, André Lucas Gomes, Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Journal of Portuguese Linguistics   20 ( 1 )   1 - 23   2021.2

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Several studies in linguistics and related disciplines have been extensively exploring sound symbolism, systematic associations between sounds and meanings. Against this theoretical development, research on Pokémon names has shed new light on cross-linguistic similarities and differences in sound symbolic patterns, using similar experimental stimuli across different target languages. A recent experimental study has demonstrated that Brazilian Portuguese speakers sound-symbolically signal evolution when naming Pokémon characters: post-evolution Pokémon characters tend to receive longer names with more voiced obstruents, while pre-evolution characters tend to receive shorter names with fewer voiced obstruents. Other recent studies showed that in Japanese and English, sound symbolism can also signal differences in Pokémon type: evil-looking characters tend to be associated with voiced obstruents, while flying-type characters tend to have names with sibilants. Integrating the insights offered by these two lines of previous studies, the current paper examines whether Brazilian Portuguese speakers are sensitive to these type-related sound symbolic associations. To improve upon previous studies, we used a free-naming task in order to give participants freedom to create new names. This experiment corroborated the associations between voiced obstruents and evil-type characters, but not the association between sibilants and flying-type characters. A follow-up experiment with a forced-choice paradigm, the same method used in earlier work, also failed to reveal systematic connections between sibilants and flying-type characters. These results indicate that this association may not be universal, contrary to the claim made in previous studies.

    DOI: 10.5334/jpl.257

    researchmap

  • Phonological factors that affect the formation of Japanese loanword compound truncation: On phonological markedness in consonant gemination Reviewed

    Changyun Moon, Gakuji Kumagai

    Japanese Language and Literature   116   61 - 78   2021.2

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    DOI: 10.17003/jllak.2021.116..61

    researchmap

  • The pluripotentiality of bilabial consonants: The images of softness and cuteness in Japanese and English Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Open Linguistics   6 ( 1 )   693 - 707   2020.12

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    The current study experimentally examined whether labial consonants were sound-symbolically associated with the images of softness and cuteness in Japanese and English. The results showed that all the bilabial consonants [p, b, m, ɸ, w] used in Japanese convey such images. In English, the consonants evoking the image of softness were bilabials but not labiodentals, and those linked to the image of cuteness were unaspirated, low-frequency bilabials. These results demonstrated the pluripotentiality of sound symbolism, meaning that a certain set of linguistic sounds evokes different meanings and images both within a single language and across languages (e.g. Winter et al. 2019; Kawahara and Kumagai to appear). Moreover, under the backcloth that the description of the glide /w/ concerning the place of articulation in Japanese and English is not uncontroversial, the current paper indicates – based on the current sound-symbolic experimental results – that the glide /w/ is phonologically labial in each language.

    DOI: 10.1515/opli-2020-0040

    researchmap

  • What's in a villain’s name? Sound symbolic values of voiced obstruents and bilabial consonants Reviewed International journal

    Ryoko Uno, Kazuko Shinohara, Yuta Hosokawa, Naho Atsumi, Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Review of Cognitive Linguistics   18 ( 2 )   428 - 457   2020.11

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    DOI: 10.1075/rcl.00066.uno

    researchmap

  • Do sibilants fly? Evidence from the sound symbolic pattern in Pokémon names Reviewed International coauthorship International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Mahayana C. Godoy, Gakuji Kumagai

    Open Linguistics   6 ( 1 )   386 - 400   2020.9

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Ancient writers, including Socrates and the Upanishads, argued that sibilants are associated with the notions of wind, air and sky. From modern perspectives, these statements can be understood as an assertion about sound symbolism, i.e., systematic connections between sounds and meanings. Inspired by these writers, this article reports on an experiment that tests a sound symbolic value of sibilants. The experiment is a case study situated within the Pokémonastics research paradigm, in which the researchers explore the sound symbolic patterns in natural languages using Pokémon names. The current experiment shows that when presented with pairs of a flying-type Pokémon character and a normal-type Pokémon character, Japanese speakers are more likely to associate the flying-type Pokémons with names that contain sibilants than those names that do not contain sibilants. As was pointed out by Socrates, the sound symbolic connection identified in the experiment is likely to be grounded in the articulatory properties of sibilants – the large amount of oral airflow that accompanies the production of sibilants. Various implications of the current experiment for the sound symbolism research are discussed throughout the article.

    DOI: 10.1515/opli-2020-0027

    researchmap

  • Sound-symbolic effects of voiced obstruents and mora counts on the monster names of Digital Monster and Monster Hunter and on the spell names of Final Fantasy Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Kazuaki Yoshitake, Hiromu Tanji, Takuya Matsuhashi

    Onsei Kenkyu [Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan]   24 ( 2 )   63 - 70   2020.8

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    The current paper shows three case studies of sound symbolism in fictional names featured in popular Japanese computer games: Digital Monster, Monster Hunter, and Final Fantasy. First, we show positive correlations between evolutionary stages and the number of voiced obstruents and the number of morae in Digital Monster. This replicates the results of the sound-symbolic analysis of Pokémon names conducted by Kawahara et al. (2018a). Second, we show that only the effect of the morae is positively associated with the size (height) of the monsters in Monster Hunter. Third, we reveal a positive correlation between the spell levels in Final Fantasy and the number of voiced obstruents, but not between the spell levels and the number of morae.

    DOI: 10.24467/onseikenkyu.24.0_63

    researchmap

  • Feature-based sound symbolism: Labiality and diaper names in Japanese Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Gengo Kenkyu [Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan]   157   149 - 161   2020.3

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    DOI: 10.11435/gengo.157.0_149

    researchmap

  • The sound symbolic patterns in Pokémon move names in Japanese

    Shigeto Kawahara, Michinori Suzuki, Gakuji Kumagai

    ICU Working Papers in Linguistics   10   17 - 30   2020.3

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

    DOI: 10.34577/00004622

    researchmap

  • Markedness in loanwords: The case of compound truncation in Japanese Reviewed International journal

    Changyun Moon, Gakuji Kumagai

    Proceedings of GLOW in Asia 2019   497 - 506   2019.10

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

    researchmap

  • Inferring Pokémon types using sound symbolism: The effects of voicing and labiality Reviewed

    Kawahara, Shigeto, Gakuji Kumagai

    Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan   23   111 - 116   2019.8

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Recent studies show that sound symbolic principles are operative in Pokémon characters’ names; e.g., those characters with names that contain more voiced obstruents tend to be larger and heavier (Kawahara et al. 2018b). One question that arose from this line of research is whether other attributes of Pokémon—specifically their types—show any tangible effects of sound symbolism. This question is related to the more general issue of what kinds of semantic attributes/dimensions can be signaled by sound symbolism. In answer to this question, Hosokawa et al. (2018) showed that the dark type characters are more likely to contain voiced stops and less likely to contain labial consonants in their names than the fairy type characters. The current judgment experiment shows that these associations are productive. Moreover, the effect sizes of sound symbolism were not correlated with each participant’s familiarity with Pokémon, suggesting that the sound symbolic knowledge is more abstract than what can be gleaned from the Pokémon lexicon.

    DOI: 10.24467/onseikenkyu.23.0_111

    researchmap

  • Accounting for stochastic nature of sound symbolism using Maximum Entropy model Reviewed International journal

    Kawahara, Shigeto, Hironori Katsuda, Gakuji Kumagai

    Open Linguistics   5   109 - 120   2019.5

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    Sound symbolism refers to stochastic and systematic associations between sounds and meanings.Sound symbolism has not received much serious attention in the generative phonology literature, perhaps because most if not all sound symbolic patterns are probabilistic. Building on the recent proposal to analyze sound symbolic patterns within a formal phonological framework (Alderete and Kochetov 2017), this paper shows that MaxEnt grammars allow us to model stochastic sound symbolic patterns in a very natural way.The analyses presented in the paper show that sound symbolic relationships can be modeled in the same way that we model phonological patterns. We suggest that there is nothing fundamental that prohibits formal phonologists from analyzing sound symbolic patterns, and that studying sound symbolism using a formal framework may open up a new, interesting research domain. The current study also reports two hitherto unnoticed cases of sound symbolism, thereby expanding the empirical scope of sound symbolic patterns in natural languages.

    DOI: 10.1515/opli-2019-0007

    researchmap

  • A sound-symbolic alternation to express cuteness and the orthographic Lyman’s Law in Japanese Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Journal of Japanese Linguistics   35 ( 1 )   39 - 74   2019.5

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    The current study deals with two topics. One is the new nicknaming trend in Japanese whereby [h] alternates with [p]. In Experiment I, I established the hypothesis that the process is driven to express cuteness, and experimentally demonstrated that singleton [p] is more likely to be associated with cuteness than other consonants in Japanese. The other topic discussed in the current paper is the orthographic Lyman’s Law, or OCP(diacritic) (Kawahara, Shigeto. 2018. Phonology and orthography: The orthographic characterization of rendaku and Lyman’s Law. Glossa: a Journal of General Linguistics 3(1). 1–24.). In Experiment II, I tested whether OCP(diacritic) is psychologically real in the minds of Japanese speakers, using nicknames with [h]→[p] alternation already applied. The results showed that the naturalness of nicknames is reduced when they contain singleton [p] and voiced obstruents, both of which need a diacritical mark in hiragana and katakana. This suggests that OCP(diacritic) is active in nicknaming processes beyond rendaku and devoicing of voiced geminates. Experiment II also showed that the naturalness of nicknames is affected by other OCP effects such as OCP(C), OCP(CV), and OCP(labial). This result suggests that such OCP effects impinge on the patterns resulting from nicknaming formation.

    DOI: 10.1515/jjl-2019-2004

    researchmap

  • Expressing evolution in Pokémon names: Experimental explorations Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Journal of Japanese Linguistics   35 ( 1 )   3 - 38   2019.5

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    There has been a growing interest in sound symbolic patterns in natural languages, in which some sounds are associated with particular meanings. Previous corpus-based research identified some specific sound symbolic relationships in Pokémon naming patterns in Japanese (Kawahara et al. 2018b). One of the main findings was that the names of Pokémon characters are more likely to contain voiced obstruents, and are longer in terms of mora count, when the Pokémon characters undergo evolution (e.g. nyoromo → nyorozo; poppo → pijotto). The current study reports three experiments that test whether (i) these patterns are productive in the minds of general Japanese speakers, and whether (ii) the same tendency holds with English speakers. The results show that the effect of phonological length was clearly observed both with Japanese and English speakers; the effects of voiced obstruents were observed clearly with Japanese speakers, but less clearly with English speakers. Along the way, we address other general issues related to sound symbolism: (iii) to what extent the sound symbolic effects identified in Kawahara et al. (2018b) rely on familiarity with Pokémon, and (iv) whether word-initial segments invoke stronger images than word-internal segments. In addition to its research value, we emphasize that this general project on Pokémon names can be useful for undergraduate phonetics education.

    DOI: 10.1515/jjl-2019-2002

    researchmap

  • Effects of vowels and voiced obstruents on Pokémon names: Experimental and theoretical approaches Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Gengo Kenkyu [Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan]   155   65 - 99   2019.3

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    DOI: 10.11435/gengo.155.0_65

    researchmap

  • Sound symbolic patterns of Pokémon names Reviewed International journal

    Shigeto Kawahara, Atsushi Noto, Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonetica   75 ( 3 )   219 - 244   2018.4

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    This paper presents a case study of sound symbolism, cases in which certain sounds tend to be associated with particular meanings. We used the corpus of all Japanese Pokémon names available as of October 2016. We tested the effects of voiced obstruents, mora counts, and vowel quality on Pokémon characters' size, weight, strength parameters, and evolution levels. We found that the number of voiced obstruents in Pokémon names correlates positively with size, weight, evolution levels, and general strength parameters, except for speed. We argue that this result is compatible with the frequency code hypothesis of Ohala. The number of moras in Pokémon names correlates positively with size, weight, evolution levels, and all strength parameters. Vowel height is also shown to have an influence on size and weight - Pokémon characters with initial high vowels tend to be smaller and lighter, although the effect size is not very large. Not only does this paper offer a new case study of sound symbolism, it provides evidence that sound symbolism is at work when naming proper nouns.

    DOI: 10.1159/000484938

    researchmap

  • Stochastic phonological knowledge and word formation in Japanese Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Gengo Kenkyu [Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan]   153   57 - 83   2018.3

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    The question of whether linguistic knowledge is binary (i.e., grammatical vs. ungrammatical) or stochastic is one of the most important questions
    in general linguistic inquiry. Much recent work in the last few decades has
    argued that phonological knowledge is stochastic (e.g., Hayes & Londe 2006).
    Building on this body of research, we show that in Japanese, gradient phonological knowledge affects several word formation patterns in stochastic ways. Concretely, we show that identity avoidance effects hold at both the segmental and
    the CV-moraic levels and stochastically affect two types of word formation patterns in Japanese: group name formation and rendaku. We show that Maximum
    Entropy Grammar (Goldwater & Johnson 2003), together with multiple OCP
    constraints (Coetzee & Pater 2008), successfully models both of the observed
    morphological word formation patterns without any further stipulation. In
    addition to this theoretical contribution, one of the patterns discussed in this
    paper—group name formation—has not been analyzed from the perspective of
    formal phonological theories before, and hence this paper has descriptive novelty
    as well.

    DOI: 10.11435/gengo.153.0_57

    researchmap

  • Cumulative faithfulness effect in Māori loanword adaptation: The case of repair for consonant clusters Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Studies   20   77 - 84   2017.3

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    CiNii Books

    researchmap

  • Recursive feet and hidden phonology: The case of Fijian Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Proceedings of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association   23   123 - 137   2016.10

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

    researchmap

  • Resolving the issue of the target of vowel copy in Fijian loanwords Reviewed International journal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Supplemental Proceedings of the Annual Meeting on Phonology 2015   2016.6

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

    DOI: 10.3765/amp.v3i0.3651

    researchmap

  • Vowel epenthesis of English loanwords in Fijian Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Studies   19   27 - 34   2016.3

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    CiNii Books

    researchmap

  • Prosodic prominence conditions and local conjunction Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Studies   18   27 - 34   2015.3

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    CiNii Books

    researchmap

  • The psychological status of the right-branch condition on rendaku: An experiment with specific contexts Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Studies in Language Sciences   13   124 - 145   2014.12

     More details

    Language:English   Publishing type:Research paper (scientific journal)  

    researchmap

  • Hidden constraints and the foot structure of Tokyo Japanese accent

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Metropolitan Linguistics   26   53 - 90   2013.1

     More details

    Language:English  

    researchmap

▼display all

Books

  • The language of food in Japanese : Cognitive perspectives and beyond Reviewed

    Gakuji Kumagai, Ryoko Uno, Gakuji Kumagai( Role: ContributorChapter 3. The sound-symbolic effects of consonants on food texture: An experimental study of snack names in Japanese)

    John Benjamins, ed. by Kiyoko Toratani  2022.2  ( ISBN:9789027210821

     More details

    Total pages:x, 347 p.   Responsible for pages:pp.79-110   Language:English   Book type:Scholarly book

    CiNii Books

    researchmap

MISC

  • Book review: Kubozono, Haruo (2023) Word formation and phonological structure in Japanese from a general linguistic perspective, Kurusio Publishing Invited

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Studies in the Japanese Language   20 ( 3 )   57 - 64   2024.12

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Book review, literature introduction, etc.  

    researchmap

  • The logical problem of loanword adaptation

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The state of the art of phonology   172 - 175   2016.9

     More details

    Authorship:Lead author   Language:Japanese   Publishing type:Article, review, commentary, editorial, etc. (other)  

    researchmap

Presentations

  • Exploring phonological and morphological features associated with kawaii

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Association in Kansai (PAIK)  2024.9 

     More details

    Language:Japanese  

    researchmap

  • Japanese speakers can infer specific sub-lexicons using phonotactic cues

    Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    The Spring Conference of the Phonological Society of Japan  2024.6 

     More details

    Language:English   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Variant selection of the suffix -tyan in Japanese

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2024.5 

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Do Yuru-chara names sound cute? A comparison with Japanese female idol nicknames

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 19th Phonology Festa  2024.3 

     More details

    Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • How many Kawaii phonological features are needed for suffixation? Examples from Japanese female idol nicknames

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 167th Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan  2023.11 

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Consecutive heavy syllables in compound truncation

    Changyun Moon, Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Association in Kansai (PAIK)  2023.7 

     More details

  • Variants of the diminutive suffix -tyan in Japanese female idol nicknames: A sound symbolic analysis

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 166th Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan  2023.6 

     More details

  • Exploring consonantal features of associated with kawaii

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Association in Kansai (PAIK)  2023.5 

     More details

  • Exploring ‘kawaii’ from the perspective of phonetics

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Linguistics Fes 2023  2023.1 

     More details

    Presentation type:Poster presentation  

    researchmap

  • ‘Kawaii’ phonetics: An experimental exploration Invited

    Gakuji Kumagai

    2022.11 

     More details

    Presentation type:Public lecture, seminar, tutorial, course, or other speech  

    researchmap

  • Accentedness in sound symbolism: A case study of Japanese baby diaper names

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    The 36th Conference of the Phonetic Society of Japan  2022.9 

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Palatalization vs. [i]: which is symbolically smaller? Evidence from Russian

    Gakuji Kumagai, Naoya Watabe, Shigeto Kawahara

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2022.7 

     More details

    Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • The OCP effect of heavy syllables on Japanese compound truncation: The case of the moraic nasal

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 17th Phonology Festa  2022.3 

     More details

    Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Sound symbolism and phonological theory Invited

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2022.1 

     More details

    Language:Japanese   Presentation type:Oral presentation (invited, special)  

    researchmap

  • Retesting the psychological reality of the right-branch condition on rendaku

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonological Association in Kansai (PAIK)  2022.1 

     More details

    Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Does Lyman’s Law count? Invited

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 3rd NINJAL-SNU Joint Workshop on Japanese/Korean Phonology Workshop  2021.10 

     More details

  • Does Lyman’s Law count?

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Annual Meeting on Phonology 2021  2021.10 

     More details

    Presentation type:Poster presentation  

    researchmap

  • Sound symbolism of spells in the Harry Potter series

    Gakuji Kumagai

    NINJAL Online Meeting  2021.6 

     More details

    Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Sound symbolism in Pokémon names: An experiment with Russian speakers

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2021.5 

     More details

    Presentation type:Oral presentation (general)  

    researchmap

  • Exploring sound-symbolic associations of cuteness and softness in Japanese and Korean

    Gakuji Kumagai, Changyun Moon

    The 28th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference  2020.9 

     More details

    Presentation type:Poster presentation  

    researchmap

  • Theoretical and practical insights from sound symbolic research: empirical studies of character and product names

    The 21st Annual Meeting of the Japanese Cognitive Linguistics Association  2020.9 

     More details

  • The sound symbolic value of Japanese lexical pitch accent: A case study of baby diaper names

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    The 6th International Conference on Phonetics and Phonology (ICPP)  2019.12 

     More details

  • The sound-symbolic effect of voiced obstruents on the spell names of Final Fantasy

    Takuya Matsuhashi, Gakuji Kumagai

    The 6th International Conference on Phonetics and Phonology (ICPP)  2019.12 

     More details

  • A sound symbolic analysis of the monster names of Monster Hunter

    Hiromu Tanji, Gakuji Kumagai

    The 6th International Conference on Phonetics and Phonology (ICPP)  2019.12 

     More details

  • How is evolution expressed sound-symbolically? An analysis of the monster names of Digital Monster

    Kazuaki Yoshitake, Gakuji Kumagai

    The 6th International Conference on Phonetics and Phonology (ICPP)  2019.12 

     More details

  • Sound symbolism and syllable structure: A case study of baby diaper names in Japanese

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    The 33rd Annual Meeting of Phonetic Society of Japan  2019.9 

     More details

  • Markedness in loanwords: The case of compound truncation in Japanese

    Changyun Moon, Gakuji Kumagai

    The 12th GLOW in Asia & The 21st Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar (SICOGG)  2019.8 

     More details

  • Labial or not? The Japanese glide /w/ revisited

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2019.5 

     More details

  • Sound symbolic patterns in Pokémon move names in Japanese

    Michinori Suzuki, Shigeto Kawahara, Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonology Festa 2014  2019.3 

     More details

  • A sound-symbolic alternation to express cuteness

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 1st conference on Pokémonastics  2018.5 

     More details

  • The sound-symbolic effect of consonant voicing on the naming of snacks in Japanese: An experimental study

    Gakuji Kumagai, Ryoko Uno, Kazuko Shinohara

    Conference on the Language of Japanese Food  2018.5 

     More details

  • Effects of vowels and voiced obstruents on Pokémon naming

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    The 155th Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of Japan  2017.11 

     More details

  • The orthographic Lyman’s Law and OCP effects in Japanese nicknames

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 25th Japanese/Korean Linguistics Conference  2017.10 

     More details

  • Experiments on identity avoidance in Japanese word formation

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 165th NINJAL Salon  2017.10 

     More details

  • How abstract is sound symbolism: Labiality and diaper names in Japanese

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    The 31st Annual Meeting of the Phonetic Society of Japan  2017.9 

     More details

  • Testing the orthographic Lyman’s Law and Identity Avoidance in Japanese

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2017.7 

     More details

  • The maximum entropy model of Japanese word formation

    Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2017.1 

     More details

  • Sound patterns of pokemon names

    Shigeto Kawahara, Atsushi Noto, Gakuji Kumagai

    Seoul International Conference on Phonology 2016  2016.12 

     More details

  • Sound (symbolic) patterns of pokemon names

    Atsushi Noto, Gakuji Kumagai, Shigeto Kawahara

    Phonological Association in Kansai (PAIK)  2016.11 

     More details

  • The ganging-up of OCP-labial effect on Japanese rendaku

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 2016 Annual Meeting on Phonology  2016.10 

     More details

  • Unexpected L1 negative transfer in L2 phonology: A perception-based account

    Gakuji Kumagai, Hiromi Kawai

    Pacific Second Language Research Forum 2016  2016.9 

     More details

  • OCP-labial effect on Japanese Rendaku: An experimental approach

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2016.7 

     More details

  • Recursive feet and hidden phonology: The case of Fijian

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The23rd Annual Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association  2016.6 

     More details

  • Testing OCP-labial effect on Japanese Rendaku

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 8th Formal Approaches of Japanese Linguistics  2016.2 

     More details

  • The POA-map

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2015.12 

     More details

  • Resolving the issue of the target of vowel copy in Fijian loanwords

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The Annual Meeting on Phonology 2015  2015.10 

     More details

  • The too-many-solutions problem on English word-initial sC clusters

    Gakuji Kumagai

    International Conference on Phonetics and Phonology 2015  2015.9 

     More details

  • The adaptation of English sibilants in Fijian-Polynesian languages

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2015.4 

     More details

  • The target of vowel harmony and the foot structure in Fijian

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 10th Phonology Festa  2015.3 

     More details

  • Local conjunction of the prosodic prominence hierarchy

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2014.7 

     More details

  • Epenthetic vowel quality in Fijian loanword adaptation: Consonant sonority, harmonizing features, and /sC/ clusters

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 22nd Manchester Phonology Meeting  2014.5 

     More details

  • Bidirectionality of vowel harmony in loanword adaptation

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 9th Phonology Festa  2014.4 

     More details

  • Vowel epenthesis of loanwords in Fijian: A crosslinguistic perspective

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Tokyo Circle of Phonologists (TCP)  2013.10 

     More details

  • Epenthetic vowels of Loanwords in Fijian

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 27th General Meeting of the Phonetic Society of Japan  2013.9 

     More details

  • Loanword adaptation and nativization in Fijian

    Gakuji Kumagai

    Phonology Forum 2013  2013.8 

     More details

  • Hidden native phonology of Tokyo Japanese accentuation

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The International Conference on Phonetics and Phonology (ICPP) 2013  2013.1 

     More details

  • The learnability of epenthetic vowels in Japanese loanwords

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 26th GeneralMeeting of the Phonetic Society of Japan  2012.9 

     More details

  • On Japanese speakers’ processing of three-word compounds with rendaku

    Gakuji Kumagai

    The 11th Annual International Conference of the Japanese Society for Language Sciences  2009.7 

     More details

▼display all

Awards

  • Excellent paper award

    2021.12   The Japanese Language and Literature Society of Korea   Phonological factors that affect the formation of Japanese loanword compound truncation: On phonological markedness in consonant gemination

    Changyun Moon, Gakuji Kumagai

     More details

  • The 19th president's award

    2019.11   NINJAL   A sound-symbolic alternation to express cuteness and the orthographic Lyman’s Law in Japanese

    Gakuji Kumagai

     More details

  • The 16th president's award

    2018.5   NINJAL   Stochastic phonological knowledge and word formation in Japanese

    Gakuji Kumagai

     More details

Research Projects

  • Experimental explorations of phonetic and phonological features associated with kawaii ‘cute’

    Grant number:23K12180  2023.4 - 2027.3

    JSPS  Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists 

    Gakuji Kumagai

      More details

    Authorship:Principal investigator  Grant type:Competitive

    Grant amount:\4680000 ( Direct Cost: \3600000 、 Indirect Cost:\1080000 )

    researchmap

  • Crosslinguistic and theoretical research on sound symbolism: A perspective from child language acquisition

    Grant number:19K13164  2019.4 - 2023.3

    JSPS  Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists 

    Gakuji Kumagai

      More details

    Authorship:Principal investigator  Grant type:Competitive

    Grant amount:\4290000 ( Direct Cost: \3300000 、 Indirect Cost:\990000 )

    researchmap

  • Phonological research on English loanwords in Fijian

    Grant number:15J04596  2015.4 - 2017.3

    JSPS  Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows 

    Gakuji Kumagai

      More details

    Authorship:Principal investigator  Grant type:Competitive

    Grant amount:\2070000 ( Direct Cost: \1800000 、 Indirect Cost:\270000 )

    researchmap

Teaching Experience

  • English Linguistics: Phonology

    2024.4 - Present Institution:Kansai University

     More details

  • English Phonetics

    2021.4 - Present Institution:Kansai University

     More details

  • English Linguistics: Phonetics and Phonology

    2021.4 - Present Institution:Graduate School of Letters, Kansai University

     More details

  • Phonetics and Phonology

    2020.4 - 2021.3 Institution:Graduate School of Applied Linguistics, Meikai University

     More details

  • An Introduction to Phonetics

    2019.4 - 2020.3 Institution:Meikai University

     More details

  • English phonetics

    2018.4 - 2021.3 Institution:Meikai University

     More details

  • English Linguistics (Phonetics and Phonology)

    2018.4 - 2021.3 Institution:Meikai University

     More details

  • English Linguistics: Phonetics and Phonology

    2018.4 - 2019.3 Institution:Otsuma Women's University

     More details

▼display all

Social Activities

  • "Minimini-pinipini"

    Role(s): Advisor

    株式会社 i-plug  "OfferBox"  2024.5 - 2024.6

     More details

    Type:Other

    researchmap

  • Watashi no baka semai si

    Role(s): Media coverage

    Fuji Television Network, Inc.  Watashi no baka semai shi  2024.3

     More details

    Type:TV or radio program

    researchmap

  • Mobile App 'Sugoi Jikanwari'

    Role(s): Media coverage

    Recruit Co., Ltd.  Koiken  2023.12

     More details

    Type:Internet

    researchmap

  • Testing the bouba-kiki effect!

    Role(s): Appearance

    Yomirui Telecasting Corporation  Rutennonteru  2023.9

     More details

    Type:TV or radio program

    researchmap

Media Coverage