Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

DOI： 10.24546/E0040983

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/E0040983

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Academy of Business Administration  

In this study we will explore a case of innovation to examine the re-invention process. Re-invention is defined as modification by users of a technology during the diffusion process. Previous research on re-invention has had three problems: there was insufficient explanation of the reasons behind the modification of technology by users, innovation was researched independent of users, and it overlooked non-user agents and other structural/material factors that have an influence on the re-invention process. In order to overcome those problems, we will apply the social shaping of technology approach in case analysis. We will also examine the applicability of this approach within this area of research. We chose to analyze the case of smart card innovation (contactless IC cards used instead of railway tickets). This case study reveals the re-invention process during the diffusion of contactless IC card technology in which multiple users modify the technology and create different smart card systems. In the process of re-invention, important roles are played not only by user organizations, but also by other non-user agents such as railway passengers and local associations of transportation companies. In addition, those interactions of agents are constrained or enabled by structural factors including competitive structure, relevant laws and regulations, regional differences in temperament, as well as by material factors such as existing facilities in railway stations and whether there are dedicated machines for adding money to the smart cards. User organizations re-invent contactless IC card technology through the interactions of those factors. Therefore, innovation does not diffuse in only direction, but is reciprocal among organizations. This case study shows that, in the process of re-invention, innovation shapes users and that users also shape innovation based on interactions among various agents and structural/material factors. Such idiosyncratic interactions create the variations in technological systems during the diffusion process. Additionally, our study will demonstrate the applicability of the social shaping of technology approach to analysis of the re-invention process.

DOI： 10.24472/keieijournal.33.0_61

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：Kobe University  

DOI： 10.24546/81008957

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81008957

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kobe University  

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81006919

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00056220

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00056167

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kobe University  

DOI： 10.24546/00056072

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/00056072

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD  

It is often argued that the Japanese pharmaceutical industry lacks international competitiveness partly because of its weakness in innovation - most new drugs developed by Japanese companies are imitative and lack appeal in overseas markets. To address this problem, I suggest a well-defined typology of drug innovation. I found in my previous studies that the dominant type of innovation among Japanese companies has been the modification-based innovation, which indeed appears to be imitative. Although modification-based innovation is not necessarily easy it may bring in significant revenue. It is also found that institutional and organisational conditions of the Japanese market until recently were in favour of modification-based innovation. Therefore, it can be argued that innovation management of Japanese pharmaceutical companies in the past was not inappropriate. Recently, the situation is changing and some Japanese companies are seeking more radical types of innovation. But we should not underestimate the strategic value of modification-based innovation.

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00055960

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kobe University  

DOI： 10.24546/00055836

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/00055836

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Academy of Business Administration  

This paper is an attempt to explore the process of drug discovery and development. Although pharmaceuticals are crucial in modern society, there are few empirical studies that examine the process of drug innovation fully and closely. Using the approach of the social shaping of technology, which focuses on technical contents and social processes of technological change, this work demonstrates the complex interactions between human actors, non-human entities, and institutional and structural factors in the process of drug discovery and development. Two case studies are included: Cimetidine, an anti-ulcer drug discovered and developed in the UK, and tamsulosin, a drug for the treatment of urination disorder, discovered and developed in Japan. Both cases show that the process of drug innovation is not totally rational and linear but political and interactive. Four aspects of drug innovation are identified, namely the shaping of the compound, of the application, of organizational authorization and of the market. In each aspect, various human actors, non-human entities, and institutional and structural factors are differently involved and interacted with each other. These different aspects of drug shaping themselves also interact and interdependent with each other. This paper concludes that the linear model that regards an innovation process as a unilateral one from R & D through production to market is not appropriate to understand innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. Instead, it proposes a view that drugs are shaped through a highly interactive and political process. This implies that the idea that huge research investment or good technological seeds automatically lead to successful products is quite misleading. Social activities including networking, intra-organizational politics and marketing are also essential for the shaping of drugs. Technology management in the pharmaceutical industry should recognize these activities as opportunities for promoting innovation.

DOI： 10.24472/keieijournal.8.0_66

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00051000

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kobe University  

DOI： 10.24546/81003693

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00209322

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00176158

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The School of Business Administration, Kobe University  

DOI： 10.24546/81003680

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The School of Business Administration, Kobe University  

DOI： 10.24546/81003675

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.24546/00176020

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kobe University  

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81004186

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Kobe University  

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Other Link： http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/81004181

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Book type：Textbook, survey, introduction

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Language：English  

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Language：Japanese  

Currently, a large number of cultural heritage objects around the world are deteriorating or being destroyed because of natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods, or man-made disasters, such as civil wars and vandalism. Efforts to physically preserve and maintain these objects are being conducted all over the world, and these efforts are important and, indeed, essential. On the other hand, such daily physical efforts cannot stop the sudden loss of priceless objects, as was the case when the Taliban destroyed the Bamiyan Great Buddha or when an earthquake struck the Bam ruin in Iran. Thus, we have to develop methods to record and preserve current states of these reminders of our culture. © 2008 Springer-Verlag US.

DOI： 10.1007/978-0-387-75807_1

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Language：English  

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Language：English   Book type：Scholarly book

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Book type：Scholarly book

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Publisher：年報 科学・技術・社会  

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Publisher：組織科学  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Internal/External technical report, pre-print, etc.  

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Publisher：Metascience  

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Florence, Italy  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Sydney International Convention Centre  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：首都大学東京南大沢キャンパス  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：明治大学  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：関西学院大学梅田キャンパス  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Meiji University, Tokyo  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：University of Limerick  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (keynote)  

Venue：Larespark Taksim, Istanbul  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：京都大学  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：神戸大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：東京大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：ISC Paris  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Griffith University, Brisbane  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：神戸大学  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：大阪大学  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：一橋大学  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (invited, special)  

Venue：慶應義塾大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Goteborg, Sweden  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：明治大学  

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Language：English   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：Gold Coast  

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Language：Japanese   Presentation type：Oral presentation (general)  

Venue：一橋大学  

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