記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PEERJ INC  

Evaluating the familiarity of faces is critical for social animals as it is the basis of individual recognition. In the present study, we examined how face familiarity is reflected in neural activities in our closest living relative, the chimpanzee. Skin-surface event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured while a fully awake chimpanzee observed photographs of familiar and unfamiliar chimpanzee faces (Experiment 1) and human faces (Experiment 2). The ERPs evoked by chimpanzee faces differentiated unfamiliar individuals from familiar ones around midline areas centered on vertex sites at approximately 200 ms after the stimulus onset. In addition, the ERP response to the image of the subject's own face did not significantly diverge from those evoked by familiar chimpanzees, suggesting that the subject's brain at a minimum remembered the image of her own face. The ERPs evoked by human faces were not influenced by the familiarity of target individuals. These results indicate that chimpanzee neural representations are more sensitive to the familiarity of conspecific than allospecific faces.

DOI： 10.7717/peerj.223

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP  

Advancement of non-invasive brain imaging techniques has allowed us to examine details of neural activities involved in affective processing in humans; however, no comparative data are available for chimpanzees, the closest living relatives of humans. In the present study, we measured event-related brain potentials in a fully awake adult chimpanzee as she looked at affective and neutral pictures. The results revealed a differential brain potential appearing 210 ms after presentation of an affective picture, a pattern similar to that in humans. This suggests that at least a part of the affective process is similar between humans and chimpanzees. The results have implications for the evolutionary foundations of emotional phenomena, such as emotional contagion and empathy.

DOI： 10.1038/srep01342

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本認知科学会  

Many types of humanoid robots have been developed recently, and they are mainly<br> designed for social interaction with human beings. The most communicative partners<br> for human beings are other humans. Therefore, to develop successful communicative<br> robots, it is important to know how closely they resemble a human. In the present<br> study, we attempted to evaluate the human likeness of a humanoid robot (Robovie)<br> by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Since activity of the human mirror neuron<br> system (MNS) is thought to reflect the perceived human likeness of observed agents,<br>we compared MNS activity during observations of an action performed by a human<br> and the robot. Seven male and ten female participants were included in the study, and<br> eventually, fourteen of them were analyzed. NIRS probes were placed at the bilateral<br> premotor and primary motor areas, which are components of the MNS. Under obser<br>vation conditions, stimuli were presented live or on a video monitor; there were four<br> observation conditions, namely, live-human, live-robot, video-human, and video-robot.<br> After the observation conditions, the participants executed the same action performed<br> by the human agent in the observation conditions by themselves (execution condition).<br> We identified the NIRS channels in which significant activation was induced under both<br> the observation and execution conditions, and used this information to determine the<br> possible regions reflecting MNS activity. We found no significant effect of the agent<br> (human/robot) on MNS activity, and this indicated that MNS response in the motor<br>related area is relatively analogous irrespective of the agent (human/robot). However,<br>the effect of the mode of presentation (live/video) was found in a few channels. Two<br> channels corresponding to the left ventral premotor cortex were activated more strongly<br> in the live condition than in the video condition, particularly when the agent was the<br> human. In contrast, one channel corresponding to the right primary motor cortex was<br> activated more strongly in the video condition than in the live condition only when the<br> agent was the robot. These findings suggest that live presentation of action is necessary<br> to reveal true brain activity in actual situations.

DOI： 10.11225/jcss.19.434

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）  

DOI： 10.4161/cib.4.3.14841

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Background: The neural system of our closest living relative, the chimpanzee, is a topic of increasing research interest. However, electrophysiological examinations of neural activity during visual processing in awake chimpanzees are currently lacking.
Methodology/Principal Findings: In the present report, skin-surface event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured while a fully awake chimpanzee observed photographs of faces and objects in two experiments. In Experiment 1, human faces and stimuli composed of scrambled face images were displayed. In Experiment 2, three types of pictures (faces, flowers, and cars) were presented. The waveforms evoked by face stimuli were distinguished from other stimulus types, as reflected by an enhanced early positivity appearing before 200 ms post stimulus, and an enhanced late negativity after 200 ms, around posterior and occipito-temporal sites. Face-sensitive activity was clearly observed in both experiments. However, in contrast to the robustly observed face-evoked N170 component in humans, we found that faces did not elicit a peak in the latency range of 150-200 ms in either experiment.
Conclusions/Significance: Although this pilot study examined a single subject and requires further examination, the observed scalp voltage patterns suggest that selective processing of faces in the chimpanzee brain can be detected by recording surface ERPs. In addition, this non-invasive method for examining an awake chimpanzee can be used to extend our knowledge of the characteristics of visual cognition in other primate species.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0013366

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ROYAL SOC  

The brain activity of a fully awake chimpanzee being presented with her name was investigated. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured for each of the following auditory stimuli: the vocal sound of the subject&apos;s own name (SON), the vocal sound of a familiar name of another group member, the vocal sound of an unfamiliar name and a non-vocal sound. Some differences in ERP waveforms were detected between kinds of stimuli at latencies at which P3 and Nc components are typically observed in humans. Following stimulus onset, an Nc-like negative shift at approximately 500 ms latency was observed, particularly in response to SON. Such specific ERP patterns suggest that the chimpanzee processes her name differently from other sounds.

DOI： 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0864

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記述言語：日本語   出版者・発行元：日本認知科学会  

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE  

Background. For decades, the chimpanzee, phylogenetically closest to humans, has been analyzed intensively in comparative cognitive studies. Other than the accumulation of behavioral data, the neural basis for cognitive processing in the chimpanzee remains to be clarified. To increase our knowledge on the evolutionary and neural basis of human cognition, comparative neurophysiological studies exploring endogenous neural activities in the awake state are needed. However, to date, such studies have rarely been reported in non-human hominid species, due to the practical difficulties in conducting non-invasive measurements on awake individuals. Methodology/Principal Findings. We measured auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) of a fully awake chimpanzee, with reference to a well-documented component of human studies, namely mismatch negativity (MMN). In response to infrequent, deviant tones that were delivered in a uniform sound stream, a comparable ERP component could be detected as negative deflections in early latencies. Conclusions/Significance. The present study reports the MMN-like component in a chimpanzee for the first time. In human studies, various ERP components, including MMN, are well-documented indicators of cognitive and neural processing. The results of the present study validate the use of noninvasive ERP measurements for studies on cognitive and neural processing in chimpanzees, and open the way for future studies comparing endogenous neural activities between humans and chimpanzees. This signifies an essential step in hominid cognitive neurosciences.

DOI： 10.1371/journal.pone.0001442

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：一般社団法人映像情報メディア学会  

DOI： 10.3169/itej.60.1745

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE  

Traditional neuroimaging studies have mainly focused on brain activity derived from a simple stimulus and task. Therefore, little is known about brain activity during daily operations. In this study, we investigated hemodynamic changes in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (DPFC) (luring video games as one of daily amusements, using near infrared spectroscopy technique. It was previously reported that oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyHb) in adults' DPFC decreased during prolonged game playing time. In the present study, we examined whether similar changes were observed in children.
Twenty children (7-14 years old) participated in our study, but only 13 of them were eventually subject to analysis. They played one or two commercially available video games; namely a fighting and a puzzle game, for 5 min. We used changes in concentration of oxyHb as an indicator of brain activity and consequently, most of the children exhibited a sustained game-related oxyHb decrease in DPFC. Decrease patterns of oxyHb in children during video game playing time did not differ from those in adults. There was no significant correlation between ages or game performances and changes in oxyHb. These findings suggest that game-related oxyHb decrease in DPFC is a common phenomenon to adults and children at least older than 7 years old, and we suggest that this probably results from attention demand from the video games rather than from subject's age and performance. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.019

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（国際会議プロシーディングス）   出版者・発行元：SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO  

DOI： 10.1007/4-431-26797-2_11

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記述言語：英語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Visual feedback of hand movement is crucial to accurate reaching. Although previous studies have extensively examined spatial alteration of visual feedback (e.g., prism adaptation), temporal delay of visual feedback has been less explored. In the present study, we investigated the effect of delayed visual feedback of the moving hand in a reaching task. The prefrontal cortical activity was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Twelve subjects performed reaching tasks under two conditions where visual feedback of their own hand was delayed by 200 ms (delay condition) or 0 ms (normal condition). Introducing the visual feedback delay significantly disrupted the reaching performance, although the subjects gradually adapted to the delay during the experiment. There was a clear tendency to overreach the target in the delay condition, even after the reaching movement bad been practiced sufficiently in the normal condition. We observed marked oxyand total-Hb decreases in the dorsal prefrontal area in the delay conditions. The decrease began shortly after task onset and diminished during the rest period, indicating that the decrease was task-induced. Furthermore, the oxy- and total-Hb decreases were significantly correlated with task performance-the degree of decrease was larger as the subject made more errors. We suggest that the decreases in oxy- and total-Hb at the dorsal prefrontal area are related with the visuomotor recalibration process. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.04.004

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記述言語：日本語   掲載種別：研究論文（学術雑誌）   出版者・発行元：日本シミュレーション&ゲーミング学会  

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その他リンク： http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/cogsci/cogsci2012.html#conf/cogsci/MatsudaHI12

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その他リンク： http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/cogsci/cogsci2012.html#conf/cogsci/HayashiMTH12

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本研究では 人間と相互作用するロボットに対する人間の認識が ロボットの振舞いや相互作用する時間とともにどう変化するのかを調べることを目的とし 人間と機械の共同注意及び視線追従に着目して行動実験を行った. 実験の結果 共同注意をロボットとの相互作用として行った被験者は ロボット側の視線の移動に対して視線追従を行うこと その割合はロボットの振舞いや時間の経過 被験者の意識によらずほぼ一定であることがわかった. また 刺激の時間間隔（ISI）を短くすると視線追従の割合が減少するという興味深い結果が得られた.The purpose of this study is to investigate how human recognize the interacting robot, and how does it change in the course of interaction. To that end, we focused on "Joint Attention"and "Gaze Following" to recognize the human recognition, and we conducted experiments controlling the pattern of interaction. The results of two experiments suggests that the rate of gaze following to the robot doesn't depend on the pattern of robot action and the length of interaction, but depend on ISI (Inter-Stimulus Interval) which is the time from task to task.

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