Language：English   Publisher：Japan Association for Urban Sociology  

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To examine urban effects on ways of life has long been a major focus of urban sociology, but some empirical researchers have found only modest effects of urbanism on ways of life. However, there is a possibility that previous empirical research underestimated urban effects because using the size of municipality as an urbanism scale has at least two problems. Firstly, the size of the place cannot reflect the number of residents in the vicinity of the municipality. Secondly, it cannot indicate the internal differences of the place.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;To avoid these problems, this paper focuses on how to formulate alternative scales. Two alternative scales based on population potential and population in accessible areas, respectively, are formulated by using regional mesh statistical data and geographic information systems. Moreover, I examine the effects of urbanism measured by these two scales as well as traditional one on 122 variables by using a correlation analysis. The results indicate that the alternative scales generally have stronger effects on many variables of urban behaviors and attitudes than the traditional one.

DOI： 10.5637/jpasurban.2013.77

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：SHAKAIGAKU KENKYUKAI  

The purpose of this study is to explore the complex generation processes of unconventionality. Unconventionality is defined as the urban way of life by C. S.Fischer, who advocated the subcultural theory of urbanism. This theory insists that unconventionality is generated by the subcultural variety of an urban place. However, since some scholars say that unconventionality is generated by the community liberation process, as advocated by B. Wellman, opinion varies as to the generation mechanism of unconventionality. What causes this disagreement? We believe that this disagreement has arisen from the breadth of scope of unconventionality, so we here propose that unconventionality displays two main facets. One is 'orientation to variety', defined as an attitude of toleration towards various lifestyles, while the other is 'orientation to change', defined as an attitude preferring change to preservation of the status quo. In this paper, we investigate separately the determinants of the two facets of unconventionality, using the data of the Japanese General Social Survey (JGSS) 2003, which have been linked with aggregate-level data. Using a multilevel structural equation model, we examine the subcultural theory of urbanism and the community liberated perspective. From analysis of the multilevel model, we found two results. First, 'orientation to variety' is generated by the mechanism of the subcultural theory of urbanism. Second, 'orientation to change' is generated by the mechanism of the community liberated perspective. The results from this study indicate that the subcultural theory of urbanism is not the only one to explain unconventionality; unconventionality is generated by complex processes which contain the mechanism of the subcultural theory of urbanism and also the mechanism of the community liberated perspective. Moreover, they suggest that both the subcultural theory of urbanism and the community liberated perspective are supported in Japan.

DOI： 10.14959/soshioroji.56.3_69

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Sociological Society  

The relationship of urbanization to social ties has been a major focus of urban sociology. In particular the &ldquo;community lost perspective,&rdquo; which emphasizes the destructive effects of urbanization on social ties, has long been mainstream. In contrast, the &ldquo;community saved perspective&rdquo; has evolved between the 1950s and the 1970s; further, there has been a new current called the &ldquo;community transformed perspective&rdquo; in this argument over the last few decades. However, the argument is still controversial in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to reexamine these three perspectives focusing on primary ties.<br>This paper uses the total number of social ties, the number of kin and nonkin ties, the proportion of nonkin ties, the network density, and frequency of contact as indicators of primary ties and explores the effects of urbanization on them through the analysis of Japanese General Social Survey 2003. By multilevel analysis, I found that urbanization encourages exclusively nonkin ties and the segmentation of social ties, while little empirical support was found for the destructive effects of urbanization on primary ties. The results indicate that the &ldquo;community transformed perspective&rdquo; is suitable in Japan.

DOI： 10.4057/jsr.62.189

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Association For Mathematical Sociology  

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In urban sociology, C.S. Fischer has argued that urbanism promote homophily of networks.Because urbanism gives us low limitation of social relations, people choice alters who has similar characteristic. This argument is a major focus of Fischer&prime;s subcultural theory of urbanism, but only few attempts have so far been made at studying about urban effect on homophily in Japan. So I applied the multilevel model to ego-centric network data, and investigated to urban effects on homophily of four dimensions that are age, education, occupation, and hobbies. By multilevel analysis, I obtain two results. First, urban effects have not appeared in homophily of age, education, occupation. Second, urbanism promote homophily of hobbies. These results showed that homophily of hobbies is more important in Japan, and we need to reexamine subcultural theory through sharing hobbies.

DOI： 10.11218/ojjams.26.321

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Association for Urban Sociology  

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Up to now, the research on urbanism has found only modest effects of urbanism on social psychological characteristics of residents. However, there is a possibility that previous researches underestimated urban effects because previous analyses have two problems. The first is only few attempts have so far been made at effects other than population size. The second is little attention has been paid to variances between places of residence and not individuals.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;So this research re-examined urban effects on unconventionality using multilevel model with individual-level data, which have been linked with aggregate-level data. By analysis of multilevel model, I obtained three findings. (1) There are significant variances of unconventionality between places of residence, independent of the individual attributes of residents such as socioeconomic status. (2) Consistent with Fischer's view, population size and residential mobility have significant positive effects on unconventionality. (3) Urban effects on personality may be stronger than previously thought. These results warrant further attention to urban effects on personality.

DOI： 10.5637/jpasurban.2010.237

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University  

DOI： 10.18910/4875

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/11094/4875