Grant amount：\3200000 （ Direct Cost: \3200000 ）

平成20年度は本研究プロジェクトの完成年度に当たる。本年度の活動としては、昨年度に引き続きマレーシアでの現地調査、関連文献の確認、成果のとりまとめなどを行った。現地調査の内容であるが、多国籍企業、ローカル企業両者からの聞き取りに基づき、企業家志向性(Entrepreneurial Orientation,以下E.O.)の方向性を定性的に検出するアプローチを採用した。具体的には、多国籍企業のサプライヤーとして成功しているローカル企業と、国内市場にとどまり多国籍企業との取引に関心を持たないローカル企業とのE.O.比較を行った。その結果、研究成果として以下のような知見が得られた。
多国籍企業サプライヤーとノン・サプライヤーを比較した場合、第一に、前者はE. O.の中でもすぐれて技術志向性が高いことが確認された。興味深いことに、これは"事前的"要素であり、もともと技術志向性の高い企業家が多国籍企業サプライヤーとして生き残ることケースが多い。他方ノン・サプライヤーは、市場機会に機敏であり、かつ、独立志向性が相対的に強いことも確認された。両者共に創業時に最も苦労しており、隘路となっているのは、資金、技術、人材、ネットワークなど、その企業家が置かれた初期条件に大きく依存する。本研究の結論として、サプライヤーとノン・サプライヤーを分ける要因は、(1)E. O.の方向性、(2)就業初期に与えられた技能形成機会、(3)創業パートナーからの影響、(4)創業初期に多国籍企業と遭遇したか否か、などの諸要因に規定されることが確認された。地場企業にとってどのようなキャリア経路が利用可能であれば力強いサポーティング・インダストリーの構築につながるか、といった開発問題に対して、大きな示唆を与えるといえる。

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Grant amount：\22040000 （ Direct Cost: \20900000 、 Indirect Cost：\1140000 ）

i) The research works were conducted basically in three contexts consisting of regional collaboration, enterprises alliance and market changing. In regional collaboration field, mainly focusing on regional economic security trends around ASEAN scheme as an outside frame, while the 'inducing, foreign capital' pattern prevailed in East Asia as an inside frame, making clear up the both frames have been surely changing in the several stages for their industrial process in the post second world war. In this context, some vital issues were investigated such as globalization movement with China economic expanding as a signal for advent of anew Asian-Pacific era and, meanwhile, for the Japan' s road in near future.
ii) In enterprises alliance context, IT (information technology) revolution spread movement in Japanese firms (mainly on electrical industry and automobile) as well as Chinese firms (mainly on information and communication OEM companies) in Bangalore (Southern India) and Tongkang (Southern China) were investigated through field research. A new movement such as production management, factory organization as well as network development was deep investigated separately.
iii) In market changing context, based on the above two dimensions, taking a grasp on East Asia market (mainly consisting of NIES, ASEAN and China) changing movement promoted by USA, Japan and UE were available in macroeconomics. Meanwhile, grasping conducts were also taken in pursuit of native identity of the East Asia local itself for the purpose of building a strategy scenario in the whole.
iv) Research performances above mentioned were presented at academic associations and symposiums concerned in domestic and abroad by investigation members on their own authority. A plan of collected book will be draw up if possible.

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Grant amount：\2700000 （ Direct Cost: \2700000 ）

We carried our field research in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China, and collected information about natural and environmental conditions, minority ethnics, cultures, languages, socio economic conditions, etc. in this region.
We recognized the following points based on these informations.
(1)Inner Mongolia region is located in the frontier of China. An infiltration of the Han culture in the region had never seen so much by the last stage of Qing Dinasty. The Mongolian people has made its own traditional culture and life-style based on nomadism adjusting itself to the natural and ecological conditions in the region where they reside, and has maintained them. This is because that there were not so much contact between Han and Mongolia people by the last stage of Qing Dinastye.
(2)Most of the Mongolia people in China reside in the inner Mongolia region. However, since the last stage of Qing Dinasty, Han people has begun to move into the region. Mongolian population ratio in this region decreases though is residence ground of themselves as for the advancement of the Han people to this region, especially recently. The nomadism culture and its life-style which is a traditional one of Mongolian people has begun to greatly change by the infiltration of the Han's culture.
Based on these findings about the changes in Mongolian life-style, we collected information in the region, and adjusted it in our information system.

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Grant amount：\2500000 （ Direct Cost: \2500000 ）

The purpose of this research program is to develop the estimation method of human resources development (HRD) policy' s effects and profitability.
People could get the higher-staged job if one has the higher academic background in Hong Kong' s case. In spite of the case, it is trouble some job to calculate the investment-effect of the education in another because of the difficulty to specify the amount of the money for the educational activity.
Productivity is fluctuated not only by change of the efficiency of labor but also by the change of prices ; commodities and wages.
We could see in the cases of this research program that HRD policy has the function to match the labor supply with the labor demand. But it is also difficult to specify the effectiveness of the function because we could not find suitable indexes.
We fund the concepts of 'the International Core Middle Manager Development Strategy' . This strategy of a Japanese electric multinational company is to develop the autonomous administrative abilities of the head of the branch.
This core manager development strategy may be useful both for international division of labor and the localization of the management.
The problem left for us is to examine the development theory related to the HRD for putting our idea into practice. We shall better to refer the A.Sen's development theory. The other one is to develop the concepts of the core manager development along with the case study of Management Development (MD).
Our research of the HRD stated with the points of the World Bank on the report ; 'Asian Miracle (1993)' . It pointed out that the economic growth in the East Asian countries were made by its educational investment. But in the first year term of this program, in Summer 1997, the Asian currency crises happened. Some annalists re-doubted that Asian countries could achieve the growth by the education. We studied the crises as the basic but important matter.

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Grant amount：\2900000 （ Direct Cost: \2900000 ）

Asian economies, which have enjoyed high growth rate for over 20 years abruptly experienced an economic downturn after 1997. Therefore, the aim of this research is to study the problems and conditions of the current structural transformation of Asian economies through three perspectives : corporate alliance, industrial financing and regional cooperative scheme. Consequently, this research deals with three key issues. First issue is why the Asian pattern of economic development has lost its effectiveness and what kind of strategies are required for a return to prior growth. The second issue is the requisite need for sustainable growth that can supply high quality manpower corresponding to development stages. There is a dilemma with regard to meeting manpower needs. That is, between formal education system and in-house training, which one is more effective? The third issue is that Asian economic growth has been greatly indebted to Japanese FDI.For recovery from the current recession and to consolidate the foundations of technological capability, it will be necessary to induce Japanese FDI.Specific policies are considered for stimulating Japanese FDI, especially those to activate FDI by small and medium companies.

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Grant amount：\2000000 （ Direct Cost: \2000000 ）

本研究は、香港経済発展における香港政庁の役割を明らかにし、それを定量的に評価するための試論である。前年度の研究成果に加えて、平成10年度では、(1)香港レッセフェールの政治経済学的背景 (2)都市計画の経済発展促進効果 (3)香港教育制度の経済学的分析、の3点に関して研究が進められた。そこでは、香港に特有な政策体系を定量化し、以下の諸点が明らかとなった。
第1に、香港政庁の経済政策は、いわゆる開発志向的国家とは大きく性質を異にする点が示唆された。すなわち、香港政庁は地場資本、外資とならぶ利益追求の主体であり、3者でプラスサムを引き起こすゲーム論的な状況が、香港の経済発展を引き起こしたと解釈すべきである。第2に、香港において集約的に展開される都市計画が、狭隘な土地利用を効率化させ、結果的に香港域内の生産性向上をもたらした点が明らかにされた。本研究では、土地落札価格にヘドニック・アプローチを適用して、インフラ建設と土地利用の効率性の程度を定量的に明らかにしている。第3に、香港における各教育機関の収益率を計測することに成功した。興味深い事実は、中等教育(後期)の収益率が、高等教育のそれをほぼ計測全期間を通じて上回っていることである。また、収益率そのものは、他の途上国と比較してかなり低い事実も発見された。
総論で言えば、上記3分野に関して、香港経済独特の政治経済システムを明示的にモデルに取り入れ、その経済構造の定量化にある程度成功したと言える。
なお、上記(1)(レッセフェール主義)に関する研究成果は、平成10年10月の日中経済学術交流会議で報告・議論され、(3)(香港教育制度)については、他のアジアNIES諸国との比較研究を行った上で、英文にて論文を執筆の予定である。また、統計データベースについては、その成果の一部を成果報告書末に掲載している。

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Grant amount：\7000000 （ Direct Cost: \7000000 ）

The Investigation was conducted basically under the Asian financial and economic turmoils that broke out in July 1997 in Thailand, then the economic crisis was soon spread contagion to ASEAN countries following to Philippines. Malaysia and Indonesia as well Korea as NIES in a couple of months. We take this economic crisis happened in East Asian as a valuable opportunity to tackle our exercises proposed in the investigation project. The experiences of field research are much hard to obtain by ourselves as well as some results of our field research are available as follows
(1)An international competitiveness among East Asian countries is very intricate as appears in general textbook, but to a certain extext economic crises let us to get a reliable evidence that there are three grouping countries available to be divideed from the crisis process as follows, namely (a)first group claiming as 'recovery team' including four countries of Korea, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand, they are on the way of getting out from dull business, (b)second group naming as 'standstill team including three countries of Indonesia, Japan and Singapore, they are nowaday at the point of business depression for those years without a survey the economic prospect on getting out of the depression, (c)third group calling as 'latecoming teram' including so- call 'three China' namely Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan, they are going to toward a severe depression of economic crisis.
In this context, a new contents of international competitiveness is, at present, in the process of to be forming another order in East Asia.
(2)The most vital features and results having gotton in the field research are the facts finding and realities as we have visited more than 40 firms located around 10 countrie/area of Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Korea, Phillipines, lndoneia, Singapore and Malaysia as well as various industries such as auto, electronics, business, trip, primary sector, public and prive thingtanks. governmental instition, etc..
(3)In questionnaire, we have done our best to get from firms and thingtanks abroad we have visited. Three main questions are clarfied in questionnaire as follows : (a)questions regarding to curreny and economic crisis having been happened, (b)questions around to business firms of international competitiveness among East Asia countries after the financial an economic crisis happened, (c)questions about regional cooperation trend such as ASEAN and APEC, to which firms or the thinktanks concerned how take thier attitute toward these regional movements. As the results, answere available from 17 firms and thinktanks at present(questionnaire is attached in the Research Booklet as a part of final chapter).

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Grant amount：\1000000 （ Direct Cost: \1000000 ）

本研究の目的の一つは、交易条件変化が経済に与える経済諸効果を、産業連関表を用いてより多面的に定量化する点にある。輸入依存度が相対的に高い産業では、輸入財価格の上昇により利潤率が圧迫され、付加価値率を一定とするこれまでの産業連関分析の仮定は満足されない。そこで、利潤率変化、相対価格変化を内生化した計量モデルを開発することが、本研究の出発点となる。本研究の第2の目的は、85年以降の円高がアジアNIESなどの対日輸入依存度の大きい経済にこの計量モデルを適用して、実証研究を行う点にある。
以上のような問題意識に基づき、本研究では、台湾経済をケーススタディとして取り上げ、円高が与えた経済効果を85年産業連関表を用いて定量的に検証した。その結果、以下の2点が明らかとなった。第1に、プラザ合意以降の円高は、台湾産業全体の利潤率を大きく引き下げた点である。80年代後半に、台湾元は日本円に対し約31.8%切り下がったが、かかる輸入財の価格上昇は、台湾諸産業の利潤を大きく圧迫した。本研究の計測では、各部門の利潤率低下割合は、4.17%と計算された。この数字は、台湾国家6カ年計画の社会的資本建設がもたらすであろう利潤引き上げ効果を、相殺して余りあるほどのマイナス効果となる。
第2に、台湾の対日経済従属性が、改めて確認された。すなわち、台湾元が日本円に対して大きく切り下がったことにより、台湾の成長産業である輸出産業の相対価格が、目立って上昇することがわかった。具体的には、電気機械、電子機器、輸送機械、プラスティック製品などに価格上昇の効果を与えた。このことは、これらの諸産業が、労働者の消費も含めて直接、間接的により大きく日本からの輸入財に依存していることを意味している。試みに、台湾元の全般的な減価による相対価格の変化をシミュレーションしたところ、石油精製や製材業などの相対価格の上昇が観察された。日本から輸入財が、台湾の輸出産業に集約的に投入されている事実が、かかる実証結果の比較からも伺える。
本研究の成果は、既に英文にて学内の紀要に公表されたが、本研究の適時性から鑑みて、将来的により一般性を広げる余地がある。現在、本実証結果を韓国との比較研究に拡張し、かつ最新の産業連関表を用いた分析が進行中であり、近々国際的な学術ジャーナルに投稿の予定である。

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Grant amount：\3000000 （ Direct Cost: \3000000 ）

(1)The research is conducted basically in send out a questionnaire on business circumstances around the middle local enterprises in Nagoya Area, wherein, among others, 'Appreciation of Japanese Yen' during 1994-95 as well as critical management situation. The most significant feature and results getting in this research propect are the facts finding and realities available (questionnaire are attached in the Reseach Booklet as Appendix 1-3).
(2)In questionnaire, more than 1,000 firms were selected for questionnaire candidate, 304 firms answer were finally available. Three main subjects to be classified such as 'With Yen Appreciation' , 'With Business Management, and 'With Regional Collaboration' in which include 25 items and 114 questions were involved in questionnaires. To which 304 firms were response their answers after all. Fron which we are able to draw out four patterns firms in the response of the changing business circumstances as follows : (a)firms which are sensitive response on the changing as well as positive commitment ; (b)firms which are sensitive response on the changing but negative commitment ; (c)firms which are insensitive response on the changing but positive commitment ; (d)firms which are not only insensitive response on the changing but also negative commitment. Overviews the firms response, referring to both theoritical and practical analysis, are available as chapter five in the Research Booklet.
(3)In regard to regional collaboration movements, Firms concerned were aware of the ASEAN,APEC,NIES while mostly in 1980s. Those trends are analysis in the chapter one in the proposed Research Booklet.
(4)Lastly, some recent movements around East Asia economies Backgrounds are necessary for the research, then one chapter is allocated which is edited as chapter two in the Research Booklet.

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Grant amount：\1000000 （ Direct Cost: \1000000 ）

本研究は、以下の2つの問題を取り上げている。第1に、経済開発によって引き起こされ「生産性」「経済効率」の変化が、その経済にどの様な影響を与えるかといった問題に関して、利潤率変化、相対価格変化から定量化する新手法を、産業関連分析を応用して構築する事である。第2に、その新しい計量モデルを応用して、インフラ建設がもたらす経済効率改善効果を、韓国経済を対象に具体的に定量化する点である。
本研究の主要な結論は、以下の通りであった。第1に、第7次経済建設5カ年計画が主目的とするインフラ建設の経済効率改善効果により、韓国経済の各部門では、平均的に約0.0089%の利潤率上昇効果を享受することが分かった。第2に、インフラ建設による生産性変化は、同時に相対価格変化も引き起こすのであるが、韓国経済の場合、相対価格の上昇する部門は、農業などの第1次産業に集中している。逆に、石油精製産業やサービス産業は、インフラ建設により著しく相対価格が下落する。相対価格の下落した部門は、他の条件が変わらなければ国際競争力を強めることからすると、相対価格が殆ど変化しない電子機器や繊維などの輸出産業は、経済建設の本来の目的に反して、インフラ建設が取り立てて輸出拡大促進的でないことが示唆される。第3に、その部門の生産性改善によって、韓国経済各部門の利潤率を引き上げる効果の最も大きい部門は、精米・製粉業や畜産など、主に農業部門が上位に顔を出す。このことにより、労働者の消費も含めて、未だ韓国経済にとっての農業部門の重要性が示唆されたと言える。
本研究のまとめでは、台湾経済との比較の上で、これらの事実が韓国経済の経済発展の特殊性に関連があるのでは、との問題提起を行っている。より一層の詳しい研究が望まれていると言えよう。

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Grant amount：\6000000 （ Direct Cost: \6000000 ）

This three years project to build a general areal information model of China has been undertaken, since 1993, as a "University-to-University Cooperative Research" program between Nagoya Gakuin University and Nankai University, subsidized by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (International Scientific Research Program) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture.
In order to understand a specified area as a whole, we need general information, covering natural environment. ethnic groups, languages, cultures, and socio-economic aspects of the area. All these aspects are systematically inter-related. One part cannot be completely understood without relation to the other parts. In our research we have constructed a model to better understand the system of relationship between each of these aspects. We call this a general areal information model. Using the various techniques available with multimedia (text, statistics, map, picture, voice and sound, etc.), we have attempted to incorporate in this model the various sorts of data each appropriate to its characteristics.
We have attempted to constract this sort of "general areal information model", focussing in particular on China. Nankai University was selected as our partner of this"University-to-University Cooperative Research", based on the Friendly Exchange Agreement (*******) between Nagoya Gakuin University and Nankai University. We strongly hope that this cooperation will be very helpful to promote our project.
During the three years, 1993-95, we held joint meetings of both universities, twice each year, altogether six meetings. From these we have produced preliminary general areal information model on China. The results will be published preliminary general areal information model on China. The results will be published soon in Nagoya Gakuin University Discussion Papers. (See (10) REFERENCES)

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