The aim of this study was twofold. First, we examined exercise performance following ingestions of either GLU, TRE, or water (WAT). The second purpose was to investigate the effects of TRE energy metabolism during prolonged exercise. In conclusion, we provide novel data that a single TRE ingestion was effective in improving prolonged exercise performance by effective use of glucose and lipids.

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.14993/00000703

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study attempts to clarify whether intensity of exercise influences functional sympatholysis during mild rhythmic handgrip exercise (RHG). We measured muscle oxygenation in both exercising and non-exercising muscle in the same arm in 11 subjects using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), heart rate, and blood pressure. We used the total labile signal to assess the relative muscle oxygenation by occlusion for 6 min. Subjects performed RHG (20 times/min) for 6 min at 10%, 20%, and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at random. We used a non-hypotensive lower body negative pressure (LBNP) of - 20mmHg for 2 min to elicit reproducible enhancement in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) at rest and during RHG. LBNP caused decreases of 16.4% and 17.7% of the level of muscle oxygenation at rest (pre) in exercising (forearm) and non-exercising (upper arm) muscle respectively. Muscle oxygenation in non-exercising muscle with the application of LBNP during RHG did not change significantly at each intensity. In contrast, the decrease in muscle oxygenation in exercising muscle attenuated progressively as exercise intensity increased (10% MVC 8.8±2.8%, 20% MVC 7.1 ±2.0%, 30% MVC 4.6±3.0%), when LBNP was applied during RHG. The attenuation of the decrease in muscle oxygenation due to LBNP during RHG at 10%, 20%, and 30% was significantly different from that at rest (p&lt
0.01). These findings indicate that functional sympatholysis during mild RHG might be attributed to exercise intensity.

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.26.593

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Physical Therapy Science  

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between activities of daily living (ADL), quality of life (QOL) and physical function in 24 female residents(average age; 81.3±3.8) of geriatric health services facility. The results showed that ADL significantly correlated with walking ability, lower limb function, muscular strength and endurance, and that balance function significantly correlated to walking ability, lower and upper limb function and flexibility. In addition, QOL had relations to both ADL and depression. It is be suggested that QOL reflected not only ADL but also mental factor such as depression. These findings might give an a available information to provide and to develop exercise program for elderly female in geriatric health services facilities.

DOI： 10.1589/rika.16.179

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

A study was performed to clarify the effects of endurance training above the anaerobic threshold (AT) on the isocapnic buffering phase during incremental exercise in athletes. Eight middle-distance runners aged 19.6 +/- 1.2 years performed incremental exercise testing with a modified version of Bruce's protocol. After a 6-month high-intensity interval and paced running training at levels above AT, maximal oxygen uptake ((V) over dotO(2)max) (ml . kg(-1) . min(-1)) was significantly increased from 60.1 +/- 5.7 to 64.7 +/- 5.5 (p<0.05). AT (m . lkg(-1) . min(-1)) was slightly but significantly increased from 28.2 +/- 3.5 to 29.6 +/- 4.3 (p <0.05). The respiratory compensation point (RC) (ml . kg(-1) . min(-1)) was markedly increased from 53.0 +/- 8.3 to 57.7 +/- 8.2 (p<0.05). Although neither the slope of the first regression line below AT (S 1) nor that of the second line above AT (S 2) calculated by V-slope analysis was altered, the range of isocapnic buffering (ml . kg(-1) . min(-1)) from AT to RC was significantly extended from 24.8 +/- 5.9 to 28.1 +/- 6.0 after the 6-months of training (p<0.05) In addition, the amount of change in (V) over dot O(2)max after the 6-month of training period (Delta(V) over dotO(2)max) was correlated with a isocapnic buffering (R=0.72, p<0.05). We conclude that the degree of increased respiratory compensation point is larger than that of AT after high-intensity endurance training at levels above AT, and that the range of isocapnic buffering may be an important factor in relation to the increase in the maximal aerobic capacity of athletes.

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

A study was performed to clarify the relationships between oxygen uptake ((V) over dot O-2) kinetics on recovery from incremental maximal exercise and blood lactate, glucose and alanine metabolism. Eight healthy males aged 21.6 +/- 3.3 years were studied. The incremental exercise test was performed using a modified version of Bruce's protocol until 30 min after exhaustion. The (V) over dot O-2 responses on recovery were fitted by a two-component exponential model. Blood lactate concentration in the recovery phase was fitted by a bi-exponential time function to assess the velocity constant of the slowly decreasing component (gamma 2) expressing the rate of blood lactate removal. Both blood lactate and plasma alanine concentration were significantly increased from rest to maximal exercise, and were significantly decreased thereafter, but remained above resting values for 30 min after the maximal stage. Blood glucose concentration was significantly decreased following maximal exercise and returned to the pre-exercise value by 30 min after the maximal stage. Concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) were significantly decreased from the maximal stage until 30 min after exhaustion. The time constant of the slow component on recovery (V) over dot O-2 [tau(V) over dot O-2 (s)] was correlated with neither gamma 2 nor the degree of change in blood lactate from the maximal stage until 30 min after exhaustion (Delta lactate). However, (V) over dot O-2 (s) was significantly correlated with both Delta blood glucose and Delta alanine. In addition, a alanine was significantly correlated with a blood glucose. From these results, we conclude that oxygen uptake kinetics after exhaustive maximal exercise is related to glucose resynthesis through alanine metabolism, as compared with that from lactate metabolism.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka City University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

The purpose of this study was to confirm both the reproducibility of indices (NIRS slope, NT2 %NIRS fall) and the specificity obtained by analyzing the muscle oxygenation curve measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during ramp exercise. Ten healthy men participated in this study. The NIRS probe was placed on the vastus lateralis muscle. An increase in oxygenation was observed from rest to warm-up at 0 watts (Delta NIRS). Oxygenation began to decrease lineally as the workload increased (NIRS slope). In the latter phase of exercise, the oxygenation curve flattened out despite an increasing workload, and as a result, an inflection point was formed (NT2). The minimum value of oxygenation during ramp exercise was indicated as "%NIRS fall."
Protocol 1. After a warm-up period of 3 min at 0 watts, a ramp exercise (20 watt/min) test was performed until volitional fatigue. The test was performed for each subject twice (test-1, test-2) with a 1-week interval. Protocol 2. A test was performed with three consecutive ramp exercises (10 watt/min . 20 watt/min . 30 watt/min) up to 120 watt each with sufficient rest between the exercises.
NT2 was observed in 7 of 10 subjects. Test-1 and test-2 mean values of Delta NIRS, NIPS slope, watts at NT2 (NT2) and %NIRS fall were not significantly different, and the correlations between test-1 and test-2 were highly significant (r = 0.94, P < 0.0001 : Delta NIRS, r = 0.99, P < 0.0001 : NIRS slope, r = 0.91, P < 0.002 : NT2 and r = 0.78, P < 0.005: %NIRS fall). The regression lines obtained for correlations of results of test-1 and test-2 were y = -5.89 + 1.38X (Delta NIRS), y = 0.02 + 1.03X (NIRS slope), y = 31.52 + 0.83X (NT2), and y = 19.91 + 0.61X (%NIRS fall). No significant differences in both intercept and coefficient between the regression line and identity line were found in the NIPS slope and NT2. The rate of decrease in the oxygenation curve became steeper with an increase in workload from 10 watts/min to 20 watts/min and to 30 watts/min. However, the mean values of the NIRS slope, modified by watts, were 0.29+/-0.06%/watt, 0.29+/-0.07%/watt and 0.29+/-0.07%/watt, respectively. There were no significant differences of the NIRS slopes among these exercises. The results indicate constancy of the rate of decrease in oxygenation per workload.
In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the reproducibility of the NIRS slope and the appearance of NT2 during ramp exercise, and the specific way in which the decrease in muscle oxygenation reflects workload. They suggest that analysis of the muscle oxygenation curve can be used to estimate muscular metabolism and indices of training effects.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm1949.49.129

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DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm1949.49.129

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOC PHYSICAL FITNESS SPORTS MEDICINE  

A study was conducted to establish a method for quantitative evaluation of both the rate and degree of muscle oxygenation during ramp exercise using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and to determine the relationship of the indices to body composition and physical fitness. The subjects were 13 healthy men. After a warm-up period of 3 min at 20-W, the ramp exercise test was conducted. The exercise consisted of an increasing work rate at a slope of 20 W/min on a cycle ergometer performed until volitional fatigue. The NIRS probe used in the cycling exercise was placed on the vastus lateralis muscle, After 30 min of exercise, calibration was performed by cuff occlusion for 10 min with a pressure of 260 mmHg for quantitative determination of the NIRS curve. The oxygenation curve measured by NIRS during the exercise initially exhibited a Linear decrease as the work rate increased. This rate of decrease in oxygenation was indicated by the NIRS slope (%/W) obtained from the calibration curve. In later stages of the exercise, the NIRS curve became flattened with increased work rate, The breaking point between the sloping phase and the flat phase was named the "NIRS Threshold 2, NT 2". in addition, the rate of decrease in oxygenation at the end of exercise per maximal NIRS decrease obtained from the calibration curve was indicated as the %NIRS fall. The mean NIRS slope and %NIRS fall were 0.3 +/- 0.1%/W (range, 0.13 to 0.50%/W) and 29.9 +/- 11.8% (range, 12.0 to 50.0%), respectively. NT 2 was observed in 8 of the 13 subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups (NT 2 (+) and NT 2 (-)) based on the appearance of NT 2. Both the NIRS slope and %NIRS fall in the NT 2 (+) group were significantly higher than those in the NT 2 (-) group. The NIRS slope was significantly correlated with (V) over dot O-2/wt at VT (r = 0.73, p<0.05) and wattage at VT (r = 0.86, p<0.0001). The %NIRS fall was significantly correlated with (V) over dot O-2/wt at peak (r = 0.80, P<0.001). The NIRS slope and %NIRS fall were not significantly correlated with body mass index, %fat or thigh circumference,
These findings suggest that the NIRS slope indicates the efficiency of oxygen exchange in muscles activated during incremental exercise, and that the %NIRS fall indicates the ability to utilize Oxy-Hb + Mb against maximal oxygenation capacity in muscles. The NIRS slope and %NIRS fall can therefore be used as indices of muscular limitation during exercise, and as indices of muscular adaptation during exercise.

DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm1949.48.125

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DOI： 10.7600/jspfsm1949.48.125

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka City University  

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Other Link： http://dlisv03.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/il/meta_pub/G0000438repository_KJ00000268692

Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka City University  

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Other Link： http://dlisv03.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/il/meta_pub/G0000438repository_KJ00004387022

Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：English   Publisher：SPRINGER VERLAG  

This study was performed to clarify the relationship between isocapnic buffering and maximal aerobic capacity ((V) over dot O-2max) in athletes. A group of 15 trained athletes aged 21.1 (SD 2.6) years was studied. Incremental treadmill exercise was performed using a modified version of Bruce's protocol for determination of the anaerobic threshold (AT) and the respiratory compensation point (RC). Ventilatory and gas exchange responses were measured with an aeromonitor and expressed per unit of body mass. Heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion were recorded continuously during exercise. The mean (V) over dot O-2max, oxygen uptake ((V) over dot O-2) at AT and RC were 58.2 (SD 5.8) ml.kg(-1).min(-1), 28.0 (SD 3.3) ml.kg(-1).min(-1) and 52.4 (SD 6.7) ml.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively. The mean values of AT and RC, expressed as percentages of (V) over dot O-2max, were 48.3 (SD 4.2)% and 90.0 (SD 5.2)%, respectively. The mean range of isocapnic buffering defined as (V) over dot O-2 between AT and RC was 24.4 (SD 4.5) ml.kg(-1).min(-1), and the mean range of hypocapnic hyperventilation (HHV) defined as (V) over dot O-2 between RC and the end of exercise was 5.8 (SD 3.0) ml.kg(-1).min(-1) The (V) over dot O-2max per unit mass was significantly correlated with AT (r = 0.683, P < 0.01). In addition, (V) over dot O-2max/mass was closely correlated with both the range of isocapnic buffering (I = 0.803, P < 0.001) and RC (r = 0.878, P < 0.001). However, no correlation was found between (V) over dot O-2max per unit mass and the range of HHV (I = 0.011, NS.). These findings would suggest that the prominence of isocapnic buffering, in addition to the anaerobic threshold, may have been related to (V) over dot O-2max Of the athletes. The precise mechanisms underlying this proposed relationship remain to be elucidated.

DOI： 10.1007/s004210050269

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Physical Fitness and Sport Medicine  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本体力医学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences  

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