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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Catastrophic events, including worldwide pandemics and natural disasters, may lead to ambivalent attitudes toward science among the public. On the one hand, there may be pessimistic feelings toward the limitations of scientific knowledge and technology. On the other hand, there may be optimistic prospects for science-based solutions to the problems caused by these catastrophes. Science communication plays an integral part in shaping societal attitudes toward science. The aim of this research was to build more fruitful relationships between science and society by improving science communication in the field of seismology. Based on the concept of open science, we conducted action research at a seismic observatory as it transitioned from a science facility to a science museum. The museum adopted a citizen-science approach to communicating the science of seismology. In this approach, citizens not only learned about seismology from scientists, but they worked collaboratively with scientists to do science. The results of our research showed that citizen science can play a critical role in making science more accessible and communicating the science of seismology to society.

DOI： 10.5595/001c.35742

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Group Dynamics Association  

<p>Catastrophic events, such as worldwide pandemics and disasters caused by natural hazards, may shape ambivalent attitudes among citizens toward science. On one hand, there may be pessimistic feelings toward the limitations of scientific knowledge and technology. On the other hand, at the same time there may be optimistic prospects for science-based solutions to the problems caused by these events. Science communication plays an integral part in shaping societal attitudes toward science. This research was aimed at constructing more fruitful relationships between science and society by improving science communication in the area of seismology. Based on the concept of open science, we conducted action research at a seismology observatory as it transitioned to function as a science museum. The museum employed a citizen science approach to communicating the science of seismology. In this approach, citizens not only learned seismology from scientists, but they worked collaboratively with scientists in doing science. Our research found that a citizen science approach plays a critical role in opening up and communicating the science of seismology to society.</p>

DOI： 10.2130/jjesp.2009

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)  

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10112/00020182

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD  

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to theoretically propose a complex perspective as the third way to understand disasters which is used to describe the Hiroshima landslide disaster 2014 in Japan. In the first half of the paper the complex perspective is explained in detail with comparison to two conventional perspectives on disasters, i.e. hazard approach and vulnerability approach. According to the complex perspective, deaths in disasters are avoidable. In the second half of the paper, Hiroshima landslide disaster is analyzed in line with the complex perspective. Also, how will Hiroshima not repeat such landslide disaster is suggested. Design/methodology/approach: To develop the case study for Hiroshima, a desk-based literature review, a field site visit and five key informant interviews were conducted by the authors in 2016. The authors’ initial analysis based on newspaper reports indicated a failure in the early warning system, evacuation and severity of the hazard. Based on this, the broader literature on traditional perspectives on risk, vulnerability and complexity were mined to understand and theorize the failure in Hiroshima. Then the interviews were conducted in the city of Hiroshima to analyze the disaster from complex perspective. Findings: The authors demonstrated that the Hiroshima Landslide disaster 2014 and its deaths could be explained by complex perspective. Complex perspective brings us the following suggestions not to repeat landslide disaster in Hiroshima. Political leaders at national and local levels must take up responsibilities to set a “goal” for the disaster management system to “reduce deaths.” Also, governmental and non-governmental organizations should make efforts to engage proactively with community through disaster education or through community awareness program to shift the mind set from hito-goto to jibun-no-koto (their story to our story). Originality/value: Reducing deaths by disasters is essential for the world thus it is UN’s Sendai Goal One. As most contemporary sciences are based on reductionism, disasters have been described as a combination of the related components such as hazards, vulnerability. Although the great contributions from the reductionism to disaster studies, it has been said that integrated disaster management is needed since the reductionism usually give the partially optimized solution to disaster reduction. This study proposes complex approach to find comparatively total optimized solution to disaster reduction, in particular reducing deaths. Although it is based on merely one case study, this paper describes the possibility of different way to reduce deaths by disasters.

DOI： 10.1108/DPM-09-2019-0302

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Language：English   Publishing type：Part of collection (book)   Publisher：Taylor and Francis  

There have been an increasing number of studies on disaster governance. As Gall et al. (UNISDR, 2014) pointed out, most of the preceding literature includes stakeholder involvement, cooperation and collaboration, and flexibility as features of governance. However, these studies on disaster governance neglected to discuss the nature of disasters. Disaster governance is not just a mean to meet the goal of disaster reduction, which is determined by experts on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). Although the definitions of disaster given by experts are usually extensive and seem to cover all circumstances (e.g. UNISDR, 2009; IFRC, 2016; Lindell, 2011), when it comes to implementation, experts usually give the definition of disaster and its reduction. For instance, governmental damage estimation (e.g. Japanese Cabinet Office, 2012; Chen et al., 2016) is one of the examples of the definition of disaster given by experts. Then most activities for reducing disaster usually follow this definition by the government. For this reason, establishing the goal of ‘disaster’ reduction should be one of the fundamental aspects of disaster governance. This is simply because the definition of disaster varies depending on community. For instance, a power shutdown is not considered a disaster in Nepal, though it was described as a disaster when the 2003 blackout occurred in the United States of America (Jones and Hernández, 2003). Not providing any concrete definitions of disaster from experts, but sharing the meaning of disaster and its reduction among stakeholders is essential to realise effective ‘disaster’ governance.

DOI： 10.4324/9781315463896

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

This study examines households’ immediate responses to the potential for tsunami generated by 2011 earthquakes in New Zealand and Japan. Surveys conducted in Christchurch, New Zealand and Hitachi, Japan investigated pre-impact tsunami hazard communication, immediate post-impact expectations that these earthquakes would cause tsunamis, the information sources that respondents used after the shaking stopped, and household evacuation in anticipation of a tsunami. The results reveal some similar patterns as well as some significant differences in the ways that households in the two cities reacted to the tsunami threat. The results show that both cities had very low levels of pre-impact tsunami hazard communication and, possibly as a result, about half of the respondents significantly underestimated tsunami arrival times. Moreover, face-to-face conversation and telephone were the most important sources of disaster information in both communities after the shaking stopped. However, Hitachi households had a higher level of tsunami risk perception, expected sooner tsunami arrival times, and were more likely to evacuate than Christchurch households. Regression analyses indicate that risk perception was the only significant predictor of evacuation and Hitachi location, which was probably a proxy for shaking duration, was the only significant predictor of risk perception. However, these regression equations accounted for little variance, so further research is needed to better understand the tsunami evacuation process.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.011

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MDPI  

This study examines people’s response actions in the first 30 min after shaking stopped following earthquakes in Christchurch and Wellington, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch, 332 respondents in Hitachi, and 204 respondents in Wellington revealed notable similarities in some response actions immediately after the shaking stopped. In all four events, people were most likely to contact family members and seek additional information about the situation. However, there were notable differences among events in the frequency of resuming previous activities. Actions taken in the first 30 mins were weakly related to: demographic variables, earthquake experience, contextual variables, and actions taken during the shaking, but were significantly related to perceived shaking intensity, risk perception and affective responses to the shaking, and damage/infrastructure disruption. These results have important implications for future research and practice because they identify promising avenues for emergency managers to communicate seismic risks and appropriate responses to risk area populations.

DOI： 10.3390/ijerph13111137

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

This study examines people's immediate responses to earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, and Hitachi, Japan. Data collected from 257 respondents in Christchurch and 332 respondents in Hitachi revealed notable similarities between the two cities in people's emotional reactions, risk perceptions, and immediate protective actions during the events. Respondents' physical, household, and social contexts were quite similar, but Hitachi residents reported somewhat higher levels of emotional reaction and risk perception than did Christchurch residents. Contrary to the recommendations of emergency officials, the most frequent response of residents in both cities was to freeze. Christchurch residents were more likely than Hitachi residents to drop to the ground and take cover, whereas Hitachi residents were more likely than Christchurch residents to evacuate immediately the building in which they were situated. There were relatively small correlations between immediate behavioural responses and demographic characteristics, earthquake experience, and physical, social, or household context.

DOI： 10.1111/disa.12133

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本自然災害学会  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Helbing (2013: 51) poignantly argues that 'Globalization and technological revolutions are changing our planet'. Along with the benefits and opportunities associated with worldwide collaboration networks comes 'pathways along which dangerous and damaging events can spread rapidly and globally'. With our hyper-connected world underpinned by hyper or hybrid-risks, the impact of unexpected events such as floods, earthquakes, financial crisis, and cyber-attacks has revealed the fragility and vulnerabilities that lie within the social/technological/economic/political/ecological interdependent systems. In particular, events that affect critical infrastructure such as damage to electric power, telecommunications, transportation, health care systems, financial markets and water-supply systems can have local, regional and global impact. Taleb (2007) calls these extreme events 'Black swans' to describe their inherent quality of surprise. Many of the systemic risks that characterize Natural Hazard triggered Technological disasters (NATECH) often arise from unanticipated consequences of interactions within and between different types of systems. Johnson and Tivnan (2012: 65) argue that, '...understanding, controlling and predicting extreme behavior [of NATECH] is an important strategic goal to support resilience planning'. In this light, a new paradigm is required to support disaster risk reduction (DRR) embedded in hyper-risks; one that will develop not only anticipatory measures for risk management but also prepare for the unpredictable and the 'unknown' by building organisational resilience for hyper-risks in general and NATECH disasters in particular. In this paper we explore the emergency management domain associated with the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident to show the hyper-connectivity and hyper-risks that permeated the problem space and thereby show how 'reflective responses' underpinned by 'critical reflective practices' can be used to support resilience in such a complex disaster. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B. V.

DOI： 10.1016/S2212-5671(14)01001-6

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本自然災害学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：公益社団法人 土木学会  

&amp;nbsp;It can be said that one of the biggest problems of current disaster education in Japan is the style of communication that is one way from experts to non-experts. In other words, disaster education has been simply defined as an activity that transfers knowledge of disasters and disaster management from experts to non-experts, i.e. general public. However, some recent studies show that even though Japanese public has enough level of knowledge of disasters and disaster management, most of them do not prepare for disasters. In order to make general public understand this reality, chances of collaborative work with experts should be provided as one of the new ways of disaster education.&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;There are around 70 disaster education centres in Japan. These education centres provide a way of learning about disasters and disaster management for the visitors through mainly their displays and interactions with the attendants. These centres are usually managed by local fire authorities. And most of the attendees are hired by the authorities or local government etc. This means these centres are run by so-called experts; hence there must be some space for improving these centres from the above-described point of view. In this paper, it is proposed that becoming volunteers can be a way of disaster education from science communication perspective. In addition, in order to prove the feasibility of implementing volunteers in Japanese disaster education centres, an example from the UK is introduced.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejsp.68.I_146

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Physics Education Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.20653/pesj.60.4_282

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Fuji Technology Press  

In some areas in Japan, there have been times when even though it was desirable to evacuate the area in order to prevent or reduce the amount of damage wrought by disaster, the actual evacuation rate was low. The double bind theory has been introduced in this situation, and a new theoretical interpretation has been obtained. However, no specific countermeasures have been presented to overcome the "expert and non-expert" structure shown in the double bind theory to be a problem of disaster management. This paper depends on the "theory of legitimate peripheral participation," and it aims to build up a model of what the new disaster management education should be to overcome this problem. For the model not to become empty, this paper also introduces the "learning program built on the Manten Project (Perfect-score Project)," which is an example of a new type of participatory disaster management learning program implemented based on the model.

DOI： 10.20965/jdr.2011.p0258

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

An earthquake of Mw 8.8 struck off the coast of central Chile on Feb. 27, 2010. A tsunami due to the earthquake propagated on the Pacific Ocean and attacked Japan on the next day. JMA issued a major tsunami warning for many coastal regions, however severe damage occurred in many ports especially for fishery. To understand the tsunami disaster, the filed investigation was carried out to record tsunami heights such as run-up heights and inundated heights along the comprehensive coastal region. In cooperation with many institutes, eyewitnesses interview, measurement of tsunami trace and analysis of tide records were conducted. Then the tsunami height distribution from Hokkaido to Okinawa is reported here. The tsunami was higher in the northern part of Japan and it exceeded 2 meters in the Tohoku district especially.

DOI： 10.2208/kaigan.66.1346

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本自然災害学会  

Disaster education is one of the most important components for building a resilient society. School disaster education especially has an effect on spreading awareness and knowledge of disasters widely. In the past decade, the world has faced many natural and human made disasters. People&#039;s awareness of disaster impacts is becoming one of the driving forces for disaster education. However, disaster education should not be based only on disaster impacts. This is because the earth repeats a cycle of active and inactive periods. Hence, consensus between students, teachers and parents is necessary to realize sustainable disaster education in schools regardless of the occurrence of disasters. A questionnaire survey for junior and senior high school students in Wakayama prefecture, Japan was conducted on the first and second of November, 2006. The purpose of this survey was to inquire into students&#039; attitude toward disaster learning in schools in the context of the educational curriculum. In order to keep reliability of this paper, 204 answers from junior high school students in Hirogawa town were selected for this paper from all answers. The result of analysing statistical data revealed several facts. Firstly, all of students have experiences of disaster education in schools and these are thought of as useful for their future life. Secondly, more than 90% of students learn about disasters in the integrated study time slots. Finally, through the comparison between the students who evaluate previous disaster education positively and the students who do not evaluate previous disaster education positively, the former students evaluate future disaster education in schools more positively than the latter students. Improving disaster education based on the people&#039;s attitude is one of the most important factors needed to build sustainable school disaster education in Japan.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本自然災害学会  

It is often said that disaster education in compulsory schools is very important to increase the disaster reduction potential by promoting citizen&#039;s preparedness. However, it has been estimated that the implementation of disaster education in the current school education system is inadequate. In this paper, we discuss one of the ways to expand disaster education in compulsory schools by tracing the historical transition of the course of studies. This research found that the course of study which was published right after World War II contained detailed guidelines on disaster education. Though, concurrently with the publication of the first course of study, the problem of decline in academic achievement became an issue. Therefore, the course of study was revised from an empirical curriculum to an explicit one in 1958, and since then the importance of disaster education in the curriculum has been in decline. Hence, we suppose the explicit curriculum is not suitable for disaster education. Nevertheless, the &quot;Period for Integrated Study&quot;, which is an empirical way of learning, was established in the latest course of study. But, there have been complaints that this class is one of the causes of the decline in academic achievement. The historical transition of the course of studies shows the suitability of an empirical curriculum for disaster education. Hence, we should exploit the &quot;Period for Integrated Study&quot; or disaster education. Building on this result will help us decide if disaster education should be included as a component in academic achievement or not.

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Language：Japanese  

A devastating landslide hit Guinsaugon Barangay (village), St. Bernard, the Southern Leyte in the Philippines on Feb 17, 2006, killing 154 and leaving nearly 1000 missing. The paper summarizes social responses and recovery processes in the disaster. The main findings are as follows: first, some serious drawbacks were found in early warning systems because some local people detected a couple of signs by which experts could have foreseen a risk of a major landslide. Secondly, a quick setup of shelters and sufficient aid for evacuees were not necessarily provided due to a shortage of aid materials and a traffic cutoff. Third, experts made a relocation recommendation to more than 1000 local residents. Thus, a setup of relocation sites, construction of houses, and job training for residents are now under immediate and primary consideration of local government and some NGOs. Finally, since the area is still flood and landslide prone, quick risk assessment and disaster risk education targeting not only government officers but also local people will be an urgent task.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会  

本研究では, 「地域との密着」をキーワードに各種調査を実施し, 地域防災力を検証した.「過去」を知るため, 昭和南海地震における地域の被災状況について明らかにした.「現在」の防災意識を知るため, 2004年9月に発生した紀伊半島南東沖地震における住民の避難行動・防災意識を明らかにした. そして, 「未来」の南海地震に備えるために, 調査で得られた地域の防災知識をフィードバックするとともに, 地域防災力の現状を検証した. 加えて, これら調査で得られた結果を浸水予測・地形状況などとともに地理情報システムを用いて一元的に可視化した. それにより, 現状の地域防災力の問題点を明らかにし, その改善のための方策を提言した.

DOI： 10.2208/proce1989.52.1261

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：高槻 : 関西大学社会安全学部  

The UN’s Disaster Risk Reduction（DRR）efforts began in earnest in the 1990s with the designation of the decade as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction（IDNDR）. The first World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction was held in 1994 in Yokohama, Japan. The second and third conferences were also held in Japan, and the strategies and frameworks adopted at the conferences all include Japanese place names. Despite this, the strategies and frameworks adopted by the UN are rarely mentioned in DRR research and measures in Japan. This paper, therefore, focuses on the public forum, a side event of the world conferences, and examines some of its characteristics. Specifically, the paper examines the public forums at the second conference in Hyogo in 2005 and the third conference in Sendai in 2015 and compares their contents to examine whether these fora have enabled diverse people to be involved in DRR. The results show that the number of fora and participants at the Sendai conference increased significantly compared to the Hyogo conference and that the number of events including ‘community’ and ‘women’ in the public forum increased, suggesting that the scope of DRR efforts is broadening. In addition, an increasing number of the organisers of such events are non-profit-making organisations, suggesting that these organisations are taking a greater interest in DRR. There has also been an increase in the number of private companies also increased, suggesting that interest in DRR is gradually increasing across a wide range of sectors.
本取組は，2014年度～2015年度関西大学教育研究緊急支援経費において，課題「ハイパー・リスク社会の防災対策：システム思考と省察的実践」として支援経費を受け，その成果を公表するものである．

DOI： 10.32286/00028257

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 後藤・安田記念東京都市研究所  

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/031696249

Language：Japanese  

J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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J-GLOBAL

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society for Disaster Information Studies  

The purpose of this research is to classify the conditions for application and assess the practical importance of two types of theories. The ‘deficiency model' in science communication theory (“knowledge transmission model”) assumes that information is transmitted from experts with scientific knowledge to citizens with a lack of scientific knowledge. In LPP theory (“participation to practice model”), learning is formulated as “legitimate peripheral participation in community of practice”. LPP theory interprets learning as identity building. We utilize the theories not only for analyzing the reality of the practice, but also for interpreting how an ideal model would affect the course of practice. An Ideal model of disaster education may include both the “knowledge transmission model”, and “participation to practice model”. As disaster education benefits from both models, using one rather than other is likely to result in causing a gap in our understanding.

The theoretical assumptions associated with these models were tested through a case study involving two elementary schools. We conducted our case study in collaboration with the Mamten seismic observation project, which attempts to get elementary school children involved in cutting-edge seismological research by placing mini-size seismometers in two schools, we conducted our case study. As the result of learning, students are given the role of seismometer maintenance as their identity building.

Based on the case studies of the two schools, both theories contributed to disaster education, however, the LPP theory applied to use of the seismometer helped students at the school with disaster experience to overcome pessimism about effectively dealing with a future disaster.

DOI： 10.24709/jasdis.14.0_140

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学社会安全学部  

研究ノートDisaster education is usually understood as transmitting knowledge from experts on disaster risk reduction (DRR) to the uninitiated or developing skills of the uninitiated by the experts. However, this fixed relationship between the experts and the uninitiated does not seem to solve the problem related to disaster management. After the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and subsequent the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident have been described as &#039;unimaginable events&#039; in Japan. However, the above-mentioned disaster education cannot tackle the unimaginable events. This is because these unimaginable events might have been unimaginable just for the experts on DRR. In other words, there was a possibility that some of the uninitiated had recognised the risk of these unimaginable events. In addition, this fixed relationship makes the uninitiated passive. The experts emphasise the importance of the uninitiated people&#039;s involvement in disaster management. However, this fixed relationship inhibits the participation of the uninitiated in DRR. Thus, in most cases chances of participation given to the uninitiated are pseudo, i.e. the experts on DRR do not appreciate the practice of the uninitiated. The uninitiated people lose their interests in either learning about disasters or participating in DRR activities. Thus, the experts usually do not learn any ideas related to their area of expertise from the uninitiated. In order to unfix the relationship between experts and the uninitiated, new approach to disaster education is proposed. This new approach is based on the progression of medicine that faces the same issue and is trying to tackle the issue by expanding the discipline to regain the patients&#039; independence.

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Language：English   Publisher：Elsevier Inc.  

Beck (1992) described the modern or postindustrial landscapes as a "risk society." The fundamental characteristic of this risk society is its interconnectedness and interdependence that makes systems and networks highly complex so much so that they are often vulnerable to abrupt failures. The landscape of risk society is highly prone to social, natural, and technical hazards. The "dangers" created from the combination of these hazards in this interconnected world are hyper/hybrid-risks illustrated through the increase in "natural"/environmental and naturally triggered tec3hnical disasters in general. In such a context, this chapter calls for a "reflective response," one that is based on critical reflective practices and systems thinking to counter hyper-risks and develop organizational resilience. Some methodologies and methods to promote reflective response are discussed. Usefulness of a reflective response and disaster risk reduction are also explored. A charter of reflective response is suggested.

DOI： 10.1016/B978-0-12-396451-9.00007-X

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Language：Japanese  

This paper reports on "the project to learn from the field study on the affected area of Great East Japan Earthquake" conducted by the Faculty of Safety Science Kansai University. The purposes of the project are to support the students which try to study on site and let them get practical findings through the study. Those are successfully accomplished.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学防災研究所技術室  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学社会安全学部  

特集 東日本大震災

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10112/00018553

Publisher：福村出版  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東北大学  

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Event date： 2017.10

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Event date： 2017.10

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Event date： 2017

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Event date： 2016

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