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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)  Grant type：Competitive

Grant amount：\6480000 （ Direct Cost: \6000000 、 Indirect Cost：\480000 ）

Our project has focused on a basic aspect in the ancient Greek philosophy, namely ‘psyche' where the study on Plato and that on Aristotle run across, and aimed to transcend the lint of individual researches on the bases of the each study. Specifically, our targets are to analyze the definitions and functions of psyche in Plato and Aristotle,e.g. to expound 'thoughts', sensations, 'feelings', 'belief',' desire' and 'images', and explain how these are related with bodily organs. Through cooperation in these studies we attempt to deepen our understanding, and clarify points of arguments between Plato and Aristotle, also in contemporary meaning form the viewpoint of the philosophy of mind and the ethics concealed with norms. For these purposes, we have meetings every year Particularly in the year _:- and 2006 we have fruitfully discussed with foreign scholars, especially with professor David Charles (Oriel College, Oxford University). Through these joint studies on psyche we have recognized that the grasp of 'Psyche' made up the test of the ancient Greek ethical thoughts. We have confirmed that the grasp of psyche is decisive in understanding and analyzing the concept of virtue and it raises series of problems which converge in the phase of 'eudaimonia'. So, now, we think of a new joint research-project on the ancient Geek ethical thoughts.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\10500000 （ Direct Cost: \10500000 ）

The purpose of the project is to get the general understanding about the meaning of the radical technological development and the change of social body in Japan through the period of the modernization (form the last period of Tokugawa era to World War II). This research is an introduction to the more general study concerning the transfiguration of the technique and nature in various regions of the world by means of the comparative history of civilization.
For this purpose, we created several research parties and investigated each theme. (1) The "Muneyoshi YANAGI and Mingei Movement" team studied the development of the Mingei movement from Taisho era to Showa era. (2) The "Domestic Policy of Meiji Government and the Process of the Reformation of the Country" team investigated how the centralizational management of the country proceeded by the introduction of modern technologies. (3) The "Evolutionary Theory and Eugenics" team made basic research concerning the transformation of the image of the body of Japanese people, which was caused by the introduction of western thought and technology such as the evolutionary theory and eugenics. (4) The "Reassessment of Marxist Theory of Technology" team focused on the raise of the philosophy of technology in the Marxists and the Kyoto-school in the pre World War II era, and considered the relation of technique and body after modernization. (5) The "Thought and Practice of Architecture" team examined the thought of architecture after 1920s, especially the influence of Bruno Taut to the Japanese culture.
On October 29 and 30, 2005, We held the International Symposium titled "Historicity of Technique and Body", inviting the foreign scholars including Augustin Berque.
In 2006, we made conferences several times for the completion of our research, and discussed the results of each team from the general point of view. The papers are gathered in the report.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s)  Grant type：Competitive

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Grant amount：\2900000 （ Direct Cost: \2900000 ）

最終年度である今年度は、平成14年度、15年度の二年間で行なってきた基礎的研究を基盤にして、後期思想を中心としたプラトンの知識論の全体像を提示する作業を行なった。具体的には、研究期間を四ヶ月ごとに三期に分け、それぞれにおいて以下のような作業を行なった。
まず、第一期においては、過去二年間の研究成果を整理する作業を行なった。『テアイテトス』の内容分析や研究状況の再整理、『ソピステス』・『ポリティコス』において分割法が議論される文脈のテキストを分析し過去の解釈を整理し直す作業、『ピレボス』における存在論を巡る議論の分析と過去の解釈の再整理などを重点的に行ない、プラトンの後期思想における知識概念と存在概念の関係の解明を中心に基礎的な研究を進めた。続いて第二期においては、研究対象を中期対話篇に設定し、そこで展開されているイデア論の構造とその解釈を整理し直すとともに、後期思想との関連を調査した。具体的には、『メノン』における想起説の提示を巡るテキストおよび解釈の分析、『パイドン』におけるイデア論の議論を巡るテキストの分析、『国家』において提示されている、イデア論を中心とした存在論の枠組の詳細な分析などを行なうとともに、これらの思想がいかに後期思想へ展開していったかを、第一期における研究成果をもとにして、具体的に分析していった。これによって、中期思想から後期思想におけるプラトンの存在論の枠組が連続的であり、従来考えられてきたような根本的な断絶は存在しないこと、また、中期から後期におけるプラトンの存在論の議論は、知識(エピステーメー)論どの密接な関連の中で展開されていることを確認することが出来た。第三期では、初年度における初期思想の分析などとも総合して、プラトンの知識概念と存在論との連関の全体像を描き出す作業に従事した。

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\12400000 （ Direct Cost: \12400000 ）

A main purpose of our research project is to lay the foundations of an Integral Theory of Practice and Cognition and to give a precise analysis of the concept of Rationality, taking into consideration the results of some adjoining academic disciplines. How to think about the connection between practice and cognition is so central a problem of philosophy that has been handled again and again by many philosophers since the era of Ancient Greeks.
Through the symposium entitled "Dialogue, Knowledge, and Action : On the philosophy of Plato", we have attempted to trace back to the Ancient Greeks the problem of how to think about connection between cognitions of our whole life and practices based on that. We also held the symposium entitled "Pragmatism and Philosophical Anthropology" in order to compare the East-Asian conception of Rationality with European one. And a seminar on normative ethics and meta-ethics by Dr.Peter Schaber gave us an opportunity to examine the problem of how to understand rationality of action by means of focusing on moral realism. Our Grant-in-Aid Report contains papers written for these research workshops.
And our Grant-in-Aid Report also contains papers having various backgrounds such that social biology, G. Frege's philosophy of logic, Christianity, cognitive science, mereotopology and engineer-ethics. All of these are intended to elucidate from manifold viewpoints the same problem of how cognitions are connected with practices.
How cognitions are connected with practices is a fundamental problem of philosophy which has been attempted to resolve again and again in various many ways, but we have had no satisfactory resolution yet. And we find behind it some more profound problems such that what human beings are and should be. That is why we shall need some other research projects.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\2700000 （ Direct Cost: \2700000 ）

Our project of research was to make the most use of the CD-ROM databases recently developed overseas in the field of the classical texts of the Western philosophy in order to deposit the ground structure of the Western patterns of thought, which has presumably dominated universally the various philosophers. With the help of highly improved electronic books nowadays, it is much easier to make a macroscopic approach at the structure of thought lying behind the particular problems, while we make a subtle study of the details of the texts. Without such compound eyes we might expose ourselves to the danger of falling into sterile labyrinths disguised with the attractive name of 'specialization'. We believe, however, the classical legacy of thought has essentially little to do with the particularity of any philosopher, however great he may be.
Here we present a result of the project characterized above, trying to approach the deep structure of the thought, analyzing the text of Plato's Menon and examining carefully what Socrates had truly in mind. So long as we regard the activity of investigation as pursuits for a definition or knowledge, we can hardly find any significance of the theory of anamnesis which would have been polished enough to explain the very possibility of every investigation not only of philosophy but of sciences in general. Previous studies have been mostly blinded by this prejudice only to miss the true value of the theory. When man speakes of investigation, man is in fact faced with the problem of understanding rather than that of knowledge. On the ground of his insight that every intellectual activity must have a character of commitment, Plato dared to introduce the theory of anamnesis.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\6600000 （ Direct Cost: \6600000 ）

The purpose of our project is to make a philosophical and ethical reexamination of the concept of life and that of nature in this age, especailly form the theoretical point of view.
To achieve this goal, we gave several seminars during the term of our project. In these seminars, each member's study was examined from wider point of view. Each themes of our project are as follows.
(1) the study of the relationship betweeen "Discourse Ethics" and Hans Jonas' metaphysics. ISHIHARA, inviting Prof. H. BURCKHART(Koeln Univ.) to collaborate, coordinated an international symposium 'Verantwortungsethik unter Berucksichtigung der Diskoursethik'. In this symposium, we investigated the contemporary meaning of the concept of responsibility. (The result of this study appears in our report.)
(2) YAMADA investigated the possibility of Cognitive Science in our project. Especially, he studied how agents, who are embedded in their environment, can have cognizance of their cognition and behavior without ignoring positions in their environment. (The result of this study appears in our report.)
(3) SAKAI examined critically T. Beauchamp's recent article "Justifying Physician-Assisted Deaths". Then he propounded the ethical jusitification of 'positive euthanasia'. (The result of this study appears in our report.)

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\1400000 （ Direct Cost: \1400000 ）

The purpose of our project was to make basic materials to investigate and understand the basic concepts that lie at the base of western thought. We chose as subjects of our investigation many basic concepts which have been functioning at the bottom of western culture, such as "being", "becoming", "understand" etc. By making use of many databeses of literatures of wstern ancient and medieval philosophy, we made efforts to understand the basic way of thinking of the western thought.
1. NAKAZAWA made research on how Greek Philosophy is accepted by western culture, and in the process of acceptance, what transfiguration its basic concepts have undergone. He mainly analyzed how the concepts of truth, knowledge, existence, etc. are understood by Plato in his dialogues, and the ethical concepts such as virtue, good, pleasure, etc. are understood by Plato and Aristotle. Especially, he made detailed research on Plato's Philebus.
2. HANAI made research on the uniqueness of the basic concepts of the medieval philosophy and its influence on the western culture. He especially analyzed the basic concepts of Thomas Aquinas and Eckhart.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\5100000 （ Direct Cost: \5100000 ）

The purpose of our project is to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the interrelation of the concept of existence and that of knowledge in the ancient greek philosophy form the general point of view.
To achieve this goal, we gave several seminars during the term of our project. In these seminars, each member's study was examined from wider point of view. Each themes of our project are as follows. (1) the study of the knowledge (sophia) and existence in the philosophy of Socrates. In the study, S. TANAKA investigated the meaning of the Socratic question of "what is?" in Plato's early dialogues, esp. in the Laches. (The result of this study appears in our report.) (2) NAKAZAWA investigated the problem of the existence in Plato's middle thought. Especially, he studied the concept of exestence in Plato's Philebus, and its relation to the concept of pleasure. (The result of this study appears in our report.) (3) CHIBA investigated the concept of exestence of Aristotle's concept of existence and its relation to the concept of knowledge (episteme). (The result of this study appears in our report.) (4) HANAI investigated the problem from the general point of view, especially from the understanding of the relation of the exsitence and the knowledge in the medieval philosophy. (5) T. TANAKA investigated the problem of the existence and the knowledge of the presocratic philosophy (esp. Parmenides) and Aristole's Analytica.

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Grant amount：\8000000 （ Direct Cost: \8000000 ）

In the first part collect we the tractates, which approach the research subject in investigators particular way's. Nitta discussed critically the application of the utilitarian ways of thought to the field of bioethics. Ishihara compared three visions: Hume on sympathy, Uexkuell on Umwelt and Seheler's anthropology, and philosophically investigated the correlation between human beings and their environment. Satou & Sakai examined the Problem of bioethics concerning gender identity disorder and a transsexual operation. And Mizobuti & Nitta discussed the problem of the environmental ethics about protecting nature and natural diversity. Miura tried to reestimate the notion of "sanctity of life", treating the problem of a diagnosis before birth. Tsuboi discussed the significance of the law for opening of information. Nakagawa introduced the paper by Israel & Perry, which philosophically studied the question of what information is.
In the second part investigate we several ethical matters which give a basis to the applied ethics. Murakami examined J.M. Fischer's semicompatibilism and D.Davidson's anomalous monism concerning the relationship between determinism and moral responsibility. Yara discussed the doctrine of double effect through the medium of the argument by M.E. Bratman. Ohkoda introduced three papers by H.G. Frankfurt and noticed critically his argument about determinism and moral responsibility. Tamura & Sakai examined J. Bennett's argument, which converted the criticism of the principle of double effect to the one of deontology.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\2600000 （ Direct Cost: \2600000 ）

The purpose of our project was to make clear the process of the formation of Scholasticism as a matrix of the western sciences by exploring how Hebraism accepted the Greek Philosophy and deepened the understanding of it. For this purpose, we first made a basic research of the text-databases (Corpus Christianorum, Works of Aristotle, Works of Thomas Aquinas, etc.) to clarify how the basic concepts of the western sciences appear in the Greek Philosophy and the Scholasticism, and made indices. And then, we made studies on the definite themes as follows.
1. NAKAZAWA made research on how Greek Philosophy is accepted by Scholasticism, and in the process of acceptance, what transfiguration its basic concepts have undergone. He mainly analyzed how the concepts of truth, knowledge, existence, etc. are understood by Plato in is dialogues (Protagoras and Theaetetus), and the ethical concepts such as virtue, good, pleasure, etc. are understood by Plato (Philebus) and Aristotle. Then he compared these concepts to the understanding by philosophers of Scholasticism.
2. HANAI made research on the uniqueness of the basic concepts of Scholasticism and its influence on the formation of the western sciences. He especially analyzed the concepts of the truth and the goodness in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, and pointed out how his thought influenced the formation of the western sciences.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\6700000 （ Direct Cost: \6700000 ）

The purpose of our project was to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the concept of mind. For this purpose, we investigated the relation of the concept of mind to other philosophical concepts, such as language, action, body etc. To achieve our purpose, we have opened several seminers during the term of our project. In these seminars, each member's study was examined form wider point of view. Particular themes of our project were as follows. (A) the historical study concerning the concept of mind in ancient Greek philosophy. In this study, NAKAZAWA investigated the Platonic concept of mind, and its relation to Socratic Eudaimonism and his concept of action. (The result of this study appears in our report.) And TANAKA made researches on the relation of mind and existence in the philosophy of Plato and Aristotle. (B) the research and analysis about the modification of this concept in the medieval philosophy. HANAI pointed out the close relation between the concepts of mind in the ancient-medieval philosophy and modern philosophy. (C) the study of the Cartesian concept of mind and its historical meaning (SAKAI). (D) the modern approach, esp.form the viewpoint of the philosophy of language and the philosophy of action. In this study, YAMADA analyzed this concept from the viewpoint of the causal theory of action. And NAKAGAWA studied Strawson's theory of supposition and its meaning in the philosophy of mind. (The result of this study appears in our report.)

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Authorship：Principal investigator 

Grant amount：\1000000 （ Direct Cost: \1000000 ）

本研究では、初期プラトン哲学におけるソクラテス的主知主義の内実を明らかにする作業の一環として、ソクラテスの幸福主義の問題に焦点を当て、ソクラテスの幸福概念の内実ならびにその主知主義との関係について、次に挙げるような具体的研究を行った。(1)初期対話篇において、いわゆる「徳の十分性テ-ゼ」が表明される文脈を、『ソクラテスの弁明』、『クリトン』、『ゴルギアス』、『エウテュデモス』、『国家』篇第I巻等整理・検討した。(2)『ゴルギアス』篇を中心に、初期プラトン哲学全体における徳と幸福との関係についてのこれまでの研究成果を、英米圏の研究を中心に調査・整理した。このテーマに関する英米圏の研究、特にVlastosやZeylなどの研究は非常に質の高いものであり、基本的な見方は間違ってはいないが、テキストの詳細な検討の結果、これらの解釈には不十分な点も多く、彼らの解釈をさらに発展されることが可能であることが判明した。(3)『エウテュデモス』篇において提示されているソクラテスの主張を検討した。この対話篇は、従来の解釈の発想の一つの重要な典拠となっているが、この問題を回避するための方策を模索した。以上の作業によって、最初に立てられた予想(すなわち、ソクラテスは楽観的な主知主義を抱いていたから徳と幸福との必然的なつながりを主張したのではなく、むしろ、人間の生の価値と、徳の発揮によって実現される人間の倫理性との密接な結びつきを協調したかったからこそ、パラドクシカルな見解を表明したのだという予想)が的外れなものでないことが明らかとなった。

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\2000000 （ Direct Cost: \2000000 ）

中世におけるギリシア哲学の複雑かつ微妙な受容過程を、多少なりとも明確な図式の中に描き出すことが、本研究の目的であった。この目的を達成するために、哲学史上の基本概念(「心」「理性」「本質」「意志」「認識」「言語」など)に焦点を当て、盛期スコラの哲学者達に至るまでの代表的な哲学者達に関して、その概念の理解と用法の変遷を洗い出し、どのような影響関係を持ちながら、問題の概念が受容されていったのかを調査し、このような基礎的研究をもとにして、中世スコラ哲学におけるヘレニズム・ヘブライズム統合の基本的な図式に関する総合的な見方を提示する試みを行った。この目的を実現するために、次のような基本的な作業を主に行った。
(1)現有の『キリスト教著作家全集』、『アリストテレス全集』、『トマス・アクィナス全集』のテキストをCD-ROM版によって整理し、哲学上の基本概念に関して、その用法を網羅したインデックスを作成した。
(2)以上の作業によって集められたデータをもとに、各分担者がそれぞれの専門分野から分析を行った。中澤はギリシャ研究の立場からアリストテレス的概念の中世における受容(ないし変容)形態を考察した。また、その後の中世独自の展開過程に関しては、花井が、詳細な調査・分析を試みた。
本研究は、データベースを活用した、概念の歴史的な受容の姿を明確にする試みであり、研究も大部分は基礎的な調査に終始したが、より総合的な研究への足がかりとしての基盤作りは十分にできたのではないかと考えている。

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Grant amount：\1000000 （ Direct Cost: \1000000 ）

本研究の目的は、初期対話篇における「意志の弱さ(アクラシア-)」を巡る議論の文脈の再検討を行い、そこにソクラテスの合理主義的な行為理解が含意されているとする従来の解釈を批判することによって、ソクラテス的主知主義に対するこれまでの公式見解に再検討を加え、初期プラトン哲学における道徳的知識と行為の構造に対して新たな光を当てることにあった。
この目的の達成のために、『プロタゴラス』篇を主要なテキストとして、この対話篇における「意志の弱さ」を巡る議論を詳細に分析し直し、従来の解釈の批判的な再検討を行った。この作業によって次のことが確認された。(1)この対話篇において、ソクラテスは「意志の弱さ」という現象を否定してはいない。(2)むしろそれを否定しているするのは、ソクラテスの批判対象であるソフィスト・プロタゴラスの背後に存する立場である。(3)それゆえソクラテスは、快楽主義にコミットしてはいない。(4)結局この議論は、ソフィスト的な知識・行為の成立構造(功利主義的な人間理解)に対する批判として企図されていると考えることができる。
以上によって、『プロタゴラス』篇は、ソフィストの抱く快楽主義的人間観、および、合理主義的人間観に対する批判の書であり、ソクラテスの行為理解は、その批判のいわば背後に求められるべきことが明らかとなった。この新たな知見は、いわゆるソクラテス的な主知主義における信念・欲求・行為の相互連関がこれまで考えられてきたよりも遙かに複雑なものであることを予想させるが、その詳細な検討は今後の研究に譲らなくてはならない。

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Grant amount：\900000 （ Direct Cost: \900000 ）

本研究の目的は、プラトンのテクネ-概念を明確にし、それが彼の哲学、とりわけそのエピステモロジーに与えた影響を明らかにすることにあった。そのために、プラトン初期の個々の対話篇におけるテクネ-・アナロジーの用法を再検討し、その成果をもとにプラトンのテクネ-概念の再検討を行い、その特色を明らかにする作業を行った。そして、そのようなテクネ-概念を知識モデルとすることによって、初期プラトン哲学解釈上のその他の諸問題に対して何らかの解決の糸口を見出すことを模索した。
以上の作業によって得られた知見は次のようなものである。すなわち、テクネ-・アナロジーの議論において、テクネ-概念は知(ソフィア・エピステ-メ-)のモデルとして機能している。しかし、そのパラレリズムは、従来指摘されてきたような単なる生産性や容観性、あるいは体系性といった点にのみあるのではない。むしろ、テクネ-・アナロジーが重要な光を当てているのは、知識とはそれを持つ人間の外部にいわば情報として成立するものではなく、むしろ、行為者の内部に形成される構造化された信念体系そのものであり、行為者の意思や欲求までも規定して行くような、より豊かな概念だという事実である。

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\4400000 （ Direct Cost: \4400000 ）

To achieve our purpose, we had opened ten seminars during the term of our project. In these seminars, each member's study was examined form wider point of view. The results of our study are as follows :
1. The animal sacrifice (Bauphonia) made at the festival of Zeus Polieus (Dipolicia) and at that of Athena Polias (Panathenaia) have continued form the archaic age through the classical and Hellenistic ages until the 2nd Century A.D.It had had an important meaning for Athenian religion.
2. Cratylus' Theory of the correctness of names in Plato's Cratylus consists of five thoughts, namely, semantic Cratylism, phonetic Cratylism, faultless Cratylism, name-dependent Cratylism and Heraclitean Cratylism. Cratylus' thoughts are arbitrary and eccentric. However, we shall benefit by them. For we also are often deceived by names.
3. The philosophy of Parmenides (esp. his theory of inquiry) should be understood in terms of the philosophy of Plato (esp. Phaedo and Republic).
4. The first part (1-35) of Hesiod' Theogonia, esp. the invocation of Heliconian Muses (1-2) is the starting point in the history of Greek Literature leading to the realization of lyric "ego".
5. The origin of Aristotle's syllogistic is traced back to his practical interest in winning the argument, which in turn has led Aristotle to a theory of valid inference.
6.The concept of the "hypothetical necessity" in Aristotle's physics is not inconsistent with that of the physical necessity. But hyle is a quite different principle form logos, which is the key concept to understand Aristotle's Teleology.
7.The reason of Plato's accusation against poets consists not merely in the dogma of Plato, but rather in the general problem of the communication of thoughts. It is more universal problem and behind it there is the problem of Sophists.

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Authorship：Coinvestigator(s) 

Grant amount：\3700000 （ Direct Cost: \3700000 ）

Our research results in this term(1992.3-1993.3) are as follows, 1. One of our investigators tried to interpret Kant in Critique of Pure Reason, in order to make clear the relationship between "to believe"(practical reason) and "to know"(speculative reason), or to illuminate how the speculative reason yield its place to the practical reason so as to believe the infinite figure as the God or the Immortal. 2. Also we found that the human action, including not only one-agent action, but the action of the plural, has a character of the co-operative action, which is, then, grounded on our being such as sharing with some communication. 3. So as to the problem of <<QUOD SIT>> (what is that?), which is the philosophically traditional question, we can understand this question as the problem of our ordinary dialogue context, in opposition to such a traditional understanding that this question is to grasp in the context of <one-many> , <universal-particular> problem, and others. 4. The discussion of <Techne-Analogy> , which was regarded only as the knowledge of mere technic, is to show that the TECHNE is the very structure which structuralizes the belief of "technician" and determines the style of the actor, who possesses the TECHNE.

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