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The different meanings of -yori are often listed as non-overlapping discreet categories. However, such a list does not shed any light on why -yori was used widely across different functions in Classical Japanese. It also fails to reveal any answer to the question why the comparitor -yori took a different path in its development from the other uses of -yori. In this paper, I propose a conceptual structure of the comparitor -yori and the other uses of -yori and suggest that the significant difference in mapping between the two led them to take different paths in their development.

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The present study incorporates research in cognitive linguistics, particularly the works of Lakoff(1987, 1997), and discusses an experiment conducted on 19 speakers of Japanese and English. In the first part of the experiment, the participants were asked translate two texts which were manipulated so as to make it difficult for them to access any prior experience they may have related to the contents of the texts. In the second part, the participants were given the same texts to translate again, but this time, they were told what the texts were about. The results show that without being able to relate the text to their relavant experiences, participants could not comprehend the source language text, and in this case, they opted for a literal translation. After they were told what the texts were about, the participants were able to comprehend the source language texts, replace the abstract words with concrete words, provide additional information to justify the relation between sentences, discard misleading information, etc. Their translations indicated that the participants' experience became a rich source of information used in the process of translation. These results provide empirical evidence against the existence of purely objective literal meanings, and provide supporting evidence for the cognitive linguistic view that linguistic concepts are understood through our experience of the world.

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This paper argues that correcting mispronunciations of words in a case-by-case fashion only serves to improve the pronunciation of the one particular form. The paper offers an alternative approach where(i)the morphological make-up of words, (ii)regular processes which apply at morpheme boundaries, and (iii)restrictions on the length of morphemes are taught to prevent common pronunciation mistakes such as itoo(for ittoo, one head),hokkaido(for hokkaido), and shupatsu (for shuppatsu, departure).

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It is well known that a truly competent translator is both blingual and bicultural, but the question is, what does it mean to be both bilingual and bicultural? The fact that a translator who knows the syntax ant the semantics of the SL and the TL still has difficulty in translating from one language to the other indicates that there is more to translation than merely substituting the lexical items and reorganizing the structure of the sentence. In addition to knowing the syntax and the semantics of the SL and the TL, the translator must know the conventional ways in which people in the TL ans SL communities decode particular forms and the conventional ways in which they encode particular meanings. Whether one considers this linguistic knowledge or cultural knowledge is not crucial. If the translator departs drastically from the habitual ways in which people in the community decode and encode, communication is endangered.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN BENJAMINS B V PUBL  

Web of Science

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Bunka Sokyu Nihongo which is produced by Bunka Gaikokugo Senmonn Gakkoo uses a Communicative Approach to Japanese and has no grammar explanations in English. These grammar notes were produced for students at Auckland University who wanted to have grammar explanations in English.

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A textbook produced for New Zealand university students. The book is designed to cover all the basic Japanese grammar, approximately 1000 words, and approximately 450 kanji in about 144 hours.

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A translation into Japanese of Michael King's NEW ZEALAND IN COLOUR. The book introduces the history and the social and geographical characteristics of the main regions in New Zealand.

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A reference book that explains the production of English sounds,comparing them with the production of Japanese sounds.

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An English textbook with a Teacher's Manual specially designed for the employees of Asahi Glass. Composed of 12 units, each with a list of vocabulary, exercises, and discussion topics.

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An English textbook specially designed for the employees of Saginomiya Seisakusho. In the 11 lessons, the student will learn all the basic expressions needed to introduce the company and its products as well as expressions needed while on overseas business trips.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Barbara Summerhawk  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://projects.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_uri&item_id=220109

This thesis discusses two characteristics of language which affect translation, using English and Japanese examples. However, the general points made in the thesis are not specific to these two languages. One characteristic of language is that it encodes particular perceptions of experience by its users. Word meaning is defined in this thesis in terms of the typical experience the language user associates with a word. Concepts for which there are no single lexical items are encoded by putting together words which the speaker thinks best characterize the concept. This particular characterization of a concept may become established in the language community. If the memebers of a language community form a habit of characterizing a concept in a particular way, it may become difficult to perceive the concept in any other way. In translation, this may lead the translator to impose characterizations established in her own language on the other language. However, such difficulties can be overcome because of the creative capacity of people everywhere to learn new ways to perceive the world. And language provides the mechanism to encode such novel perception. This is the other characteristic of language discussed in this thesis. We can use an existing word to encode a new kind of experience which we perceive as having some connection with the kind of experience associated with the word. Such novel applications of a word can be understood because upon hearing the word, the typical experience associated with the word is evoked in the hearer's mind, and using her knowledge, the hearer constructs a mental model which she thinks best accounts for the combination of experiences evoked in her mind by the linguistic forms. Defining word meaning and sentence meaning in terms of mental images allows us to understand the process of translation: Upon hearing/reading the source language text, the translator caostructs a mental model based on the text. She then besed her translation on this mental model, which becomes a rich source of information. Because the translator is not moving directly from one language to the other, no direct correspondences between the linguistic forms of the two languages need to be sought. This also explains why it is relatively easy to translate between two language whose users share similar experiences and therefore can build similar mental models, even if the languages are typologically very different from each other.

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Recent developments in Congnitive Linguistics have provided increasing evidence that linguistic expressions of concepts are not a random collection but rather are structured in terms of an elaborate congnitive model which reflects how we understand that concept. Since the conceptual models can very from language to language, a study of how a translator moves from one conceptual model to another may reveal how much of the conceptual model is used in understanding the SL and in formulating a sentence in the TL. If a difference in the conceptual models of the SL and the TL has no effect on the translation process, we may conclude that the models are not implicit in the semantics of the language and do not play a significant role in our understanding of concepts. Translation can then be characterized as the matching of objective meanings independent of the language user. If a difference in the conceptual models of the two languages does have an effect on the translation process, then we may conclude models have a psychologicalreality and are used in our understanding of concepts and are implicit in the semantics of the language.

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199705-199802

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199705-199802

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University of Sydney Macarthur 199502

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University of Auckland Conference Funds 199409

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Although in Classical Japanese, -yori was used widely to mark the starting point in space, the starting point in time, the traversing space, the means or instrument used to accomplish something, and the standard of a comparison, in present day Japanese, the function of -yori has been diminished to the marker the standard of a comparison, and the other functions have been taken over by -deand -kara. Today, -yori can still be used to mark the starting point in space and time, the insrument used to make something, and can also be used to mark other starting points, but its usage is restricted to formal contexs, and there are quite a number of restrictions on what it can co-occur with. The present paper attempts to answer the following question: Out of the various functions -yori had in the past, why was only one of those functions separated from the other functions and carried on to present day Japanese?

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The aim of this paper is to examine two aspects of language・・・a static aspect, which may obstruct translation, and a dynamic aspect, which contrbutes to the success of translation. The general points of the paper are exemplified by Japanese and English data.

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In this paper, I will examine whether anything that can be said in one language can actually be said in another language, and if so, in what way can the translation be said to be equivalent to the original. Various types of translation equivalence will be discussed, as well as the question of how the translator knows for each case what type of translation equivalence is required.

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