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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society for Risk Analysis, Japan  

Response of the Japanese to Covid-19 was investigated with 2 online questionnaire surveys conducted on May 2020 [N=1,200] and on August 2020 [N=6,000]. The results showed that high anxiety led sense of discrimination and adopting prevention behaviors against infection. People in metropolitan areas seemed estimating infection risk of long rage transport lower than people in rural areas. And response to Covid-19 of the Japanese residing outside of Japan was investigated with an online survey on August 2020 [N=116]. The results showed that in many countries the respondents answered that their local governments’ policies against Covid-19 were better than the Japanese policy because of swiftness, leadership, public relations, ICT use, and so on.

DOI： 10.11447/jjra.SRA-0360

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/031893479

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Covid－19 vaccine is expected as the measure to overcome the pandemic. It is said thatatleast70％ofpeopleshouldreceivevaccinationtoachieveherdimmunity.We conducted an online questionnaire survey on risk perception and attitude formation of Covid－19vaccinewithtotalof2,500respondentsin5areasofJapan,Hokkaido, Tohoku,Tokyo,Osaka,andChugoku－Shikokufrom11to15December,2020.The results showed that about half of respondents would accept inoculation with the vaccine. Only about 30％ perceived that the vaccine would have good effects as medicine, and about 30％ were afraid that it would have any side－effects. We put the same questions aboutCovid－19vaccinebeforeandafterquestionsaboutHPVvaccineandinfluenza vaccine and the answers were very stable. It seemed that people’s attitudes to Covid－19 vaccine had already formed. The female and people in their 30s and 40s had rela-tivelylesspositiveperceptionofCovid－19vaccine.Riskcommunicationwithcorrect information of the vaccine should be needed to achieve the herd immunity with it.

DOI： 10.32286/00023053

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Although COVID－19 has caused various social confusion across the world, no surveys arefoundwhichtargettheJapaneselivingoverseasunderthiscrisis.Thisstudy conducted an online questionnaire survey. The respondents were 116 Kansai University graduateswhowerestationedabroad.Inconclusion,65.2％ofrespondentsevaluated Japanesegovernment’smeasureswerelesseffectivethanthatofthecountrywhere theyresided.19.0％ofrespondentsfeltdiscriminatedbecauseoftheirnationality. Almostallrespondentswereunderalotofpsychologicalstress.Mutualaidsamong local residents were activated in many countries.

DOI： 10.32286/00023052

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InJapan,theconceptofthevulnerablepeopleatdisastersuchaselderlypeople and people with disabilities has been discussed. At the time of disaster, people who live inthecommunityareexpectedtoprovidesupportforthevulnerablepeoplewholive there. However, there is a shortage of supporters to support the vulneravule people and anincreaseintheburdenofsupporters.Inotherwords,therearelimitstohowto support vulnerable people. Therefore, in this study, we organized what perspectives the conceptofthevulnerablepeoplewasdiscussed.Inaddition,weconsideredtheassistancecountermeasureforthevulnerablepeoplebasedoncapabilityapproach.Asa result, we concluded that not only the vulnerable people who have been conventionally discussed, but their supporters also need help at disasters. In addition, considering the relationshipbetweenthevulnerablepeopleandthesupporters,wepointedoutthe importance of sharing the information that the needs of the vulnerable people and the resources of the supporters among the stakeholders.

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DOI： 10.1007/978-981-13-2775-9_3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Atomic Energy Society of Japan  

DOI： 10.3327/jaesjb.59.12_727

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/028720969

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The risk communications by the Japanese government to respond Fukushima-Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident in2011 and after were investigated. In the investigation risk communications were divided into crisis communications, care communications, and consensus communications, and the first two were mainly discussed.

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Putnam defined concept of social capital as social network and also focused on its psychological aspects of trust, good will, fellowship, and sympathy. Influence of subjective connectedness in neighborhood, a psychological feature of social capital, on evaluation on neighborhood’s disaster-preparation was compared between 14 States in the U.S where more than 80% of fire departments were served by all volunteer-firefighters (SVF) [Nebraska, South Dakota, Pennsylvania, New York, etc.] and 6 States where more than 20 % of fire department were with all Career-firefighters (SCF) [Florida, Massachusetts, California, Arizona, etc.]. It was assumed that culture or social norm of neighbors’ mutual aids in disasters is kept in SVF while it is at a low ebb in SCF. Respondents of a nationwide online questionnaire survey in SVF [N=180] and in SCF [N=170] were put into causality analyses of SEM. The results showed that perception of social capital determined evaluation on neighborhood’s disaster-preparation in SVF but it directly determined personal disaster-preparing behaviors in SCF. It might be considered that it was spurious relationship and true cause of it was small size of communities, as almost all the areas with small population are protected by volunteer-firefighters in the U.S. However, the spurious relationship was not supported by the analysis with respondents in urban life style areas [N=379] and in country life style areas [N=235]. It was interpreted that culture or social norm of neighbors’ mutual aids in disasters was a factor whether perception of social capital facilitate evaluation on neighborhood’s disaster-preparation.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD  

Maintaining a young, well-educated labor force is an important strategy for regional economic development and social vitality. Based on a comparative study of China and Japan, this article aims to elicit 1) the factors that affect college students' employment migration preference; and 2) the differences between migration preferences of students from the two countries and the possible explanations for such differences. With the use of survey data from approximately 2,000 college students in the two countries, this study identifies region of origin as a key determinant of employment migration choice in both countries. The region of origin functions as a critical point differentiating primary and secondary labor markets for individuals, whereas the first-tier region in each country is a popular work destination. A one-way bottom-up migration from lower-ranking to higher-ranking regions is revealed in our regional hierarchy model. Findings suggest that Chinese students were oriented to employment opportunities and economic well-being while Japanese students were more inclined to consider personal lifestyle and local amenities. The findings imply that reducing regional disparities in economic development and income levels in China and enhancing urban service facilities in Japan may encourage college graduates to remain in their home regions.

DOI： 10.1177/0117196815621203

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

Public support for nuclear power generation has decreased in Japan since the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011. This study examines how the factors influencing public acceptance of nuclear power changed after this event. The influence factors examined are perceived benefit, perceived risk, trust in the managing bodies, and pro-environmental orientation (i.e., new ecological paradigm). This study is based on cross-sectional data collected from two online nationwide surveys: one conducted in November 2009, before the nuclear accident, and the other in October 2011, after the accident. This study's target respondents were residents of Aomori, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures in the Tohoku region of Japan, as these areas were the epicenters of the Great East Japan Earthquake and the locations of nuclear power stations. After the accident, trust in the managing bodies was found to have a stronger influence on perceived risk, and pro-environmental orientation was found to have a stronger influence on trust in the managing bodies; however, perceived benefit had a weaker positive influence on public acceptance. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

DOI： 10.1111/risa.12447

Web of Science

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SPRINGER  

Along with the progressive acceleration of urbanization, the need to identify potentially troublesome "Not In My Back Yard" (NIMBY) facilities in the city is inevitable. To resolve NIMBY conflict, it is important to know people's NIMBY risk acceptability for these facilities. A questionnaire survey was used among Chinese and Japanese college students to identify NIMBY risk acceptability. LISREL was used to construct a structural equation model to analyze the difference in NIMBY risk acceptability between the Chinese and Japanese college students. Factors that may affect NIMBY risk acceptability were analyzed: "perceiving utility," "perceiving risk," "trust in government," "reasonable compensation," and "procedural justice." The findings show that Japanese students' concerns were greater than Chinese students' concerns. Perceiving utility and perceiving risk were the most important factors that affect people's NIMBY risk acceptability, followed by procedural justice, trust in government, and reasonable compensation. There is a difference between the different cultural backgrounds in confronting the risk: Chinese students focus more on the reputation and value of real estate, while Japanese students pay more attention to environmental pollution and damage to health. Furthermore, cultural influences play a role in students' risk perception. To improve the risk acceptability for NIMBY facilities and provide a basis for resolving NIMBY conflicts, it is necessary to ensure the benefits of the NIMBY facility while reducing environmental pollution. The findings of this study may be of interest for policy makers and practitioners to devise future NIMBY strategies.

DOI： 10.1007/s10661-014-3882-7

Web of Science

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.3327/taesj.J13.018

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Atomic Energy Society of Japan  

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (Fukushima accident) has brought about a great change in many people's perceptions about nuclear power plant safety. When discussing future energy options for Japan, it is important to have a full grasp of the attitude of a large number of people towards nuclear energy. The Atomic Energy Society of Japan has conducted annual questionnaire survey of 500 adults who live within 30 kilometers of Tokyo Station. The aim of this survey is to assess trends in public attitude towards nuclear energy. The authors that designed the questionnaire entries of this survey have been managing questionnaire data as members of the Data Management Working Group under the Social and Environmental Division of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan. We confirmed the change in public attitude towards nuclear energy through this periodical survey after the Fukushima accident. In particular, public concerns about the use of nuclear energy increased after the Fukushima accident, and many people have raised doubts over the use of nuclear energy in the future.

DOI： 10.3327/taesj.J13.018

Scopus

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japanese Society of Social Psychology  

Previous studies have shown the positive effects of collective efficacy on community collective actions. As a predictor of collective efficacy, while behavioral social connectedness has shown a positive effect in some studies, the effect of cognitive social connectedness is little known. In this study, the perceived intragroup relationship (Yuki, 2003) was applied in order to investigate the relation among perceived intragroup relationship, collective efficacy, and the intention of participating in community development. We distributed questionnaires to 500 citizens and analyzed data that were collected from 121 respondents. The result of correlation analysis showed a positive relation among the intention of participating, collective efficacy, intragroup relational cognition, and behavioral social connectedness. Furthermore, a determinate process model of the intention to participate was examined using path analysis. The results indicate that perceived intragroup relationship has a positive correlation with social connectedness behavior and a positive effect on collective efficacy, but social connectedness behavior does not have a significant effect on collective efficacy.

DOI： 10.14966/jssp.KJ00008993921

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10112/7855

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Risk response and cognitive characteristics of different groups are important aspects in risk research. In this article we discuss the general features of risk literacy and perception among undergraduates at Nanjing University and Huaiyin Institute of Technology in China in the case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The results show that: (1) there seem to be no relationships between respondents’ knowledge about BSE and their risk identification; (2) between all contrast samples, the greatest divergence appears in the judgment about probability of risk while the smallest one is the trust in science and technology to avoid BSE; (3) the judgment of hazard probability would be related to gender, family location, and the backgrounds of college and academic specialty. And only gender has impact on the affirmation of hazard with a significant level of 0.05. These findings provide insights into the comprehension of undergraduates’ risk literacy and perception, and can contribute to the improvement of risk communication and management in China.

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DOI： 10.1080/10807039.2013.755101

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The crisis communication at the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in the disaster 3.11 was examined. I discussed the nature of crisis communication which is information exchange between the persons responsible to the accident and the public. And Myth of Panic and Elite Panic were also discussed.

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It is necessary for stakeholders to build trust in risk communication. However, misplaced trust may lead to negative incidents. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the trust in government with regard to nuclear power, political collective efficacy (PCE) and civic social relationship (which was measured as perceived ingroup entitativity). Data used for this study were collected through a nationwide Internet social survey on energy and nuclear energy. Data collected from 2,503 participants were classified and compared on the basis of conditions around residential areas, such as nuclear power plant sitings, and type of area (conurbation or provincial areas), and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Good fit indexes were shown for each residential area, and it was found that PCE affected the trust in government whereas perceived ingroup entitativity did not. Furthermore, significant differences were found between the correlation coefficients of PCE and perceived ingroup entitativity.

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2012296292

Language：Japanese  

This paper summarizes participants' evaluations of the Tutorial English course offered by Waseda University International Corporation, as a part of a pilot English program being considered by the Faculty of Safety Science, and implemented from February 21 to March 5, 2011. The fi rst part presents the results for the Tutorial English course in particular, with the second part showing those for learning in orthodox English courses. Both sets of results were obtained by means of questionnaires administered to the students participating.

CiNii Books

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An abundance of psychological studies have been conducted on risk analysis, but a little is known about the effect of social relation factor, such as social connectedness and interdependence among peoples. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of inhabiting area and perceived ingroup entitativity of local community, which is defi ned as representation of social connectedness among inhabitants, on attitude toward nuclear power plants (NPP) as a subject of risk plant. Data used for this study were collected through the internet from 2,503 respondents as a part of nationwide social survey. The results of analysis showed the interaction effect that the higher group of perceived ingroup entitativity has more positive attitude toward NPP than lower group of it in respondents of NPP siting area. The result indicates the important role of social relation among peoples on forming attitude toward risk plants.

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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The goal of this study was to examine the effects of the public perceptions toward necessities and anxieties associated with nuclear power on motivation of people to consider implementing nuclear power generation. In addition, differences in these effects were examined across areas at various distaces from nuclear power plants. Motivation for considering nuclear power generation was examined from two viewpoints: gathering information and discussion. The results suggested that perception of the necessities of nuclear power influence the gathering information motive, whereas anxieties influence the discussion motive. Perception of the necessities of nuclear power were found to have a stronger influenceon the gathering information motive among people living near a nuclear power plant than among people living far away from a nuclear power plant.

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Rational and normative risk judgments are made based on information on a risk object’s advantages and disadvantages, although many studies show that everyday heuristic risk judgment tends to be made based on limited information. I focused on the fact that affective heuristic (Slovic et al., 2004), one of the heuristic risk judgments, was affective judgment under “good-bad” criterion due to a trade-off in the perception of dangers and benefits, and showed by a social survey that female undergraduates in Japan and Eastern and Western Europe used the affect heuristic for various risk objects. In other words, an analysis of survey results on risk types perceived by female undergraduates inOsaka, London, Ljubljana, and Budapest showed that risk objects such as automobile driving, airplane travel, nuclear power plant, extremist group, and tobacco smoking were perceived as high-risk and low-return (Type 2) or low-risk and high-return (Type 3) [Study 1]. According to a tobacco smoking linguistic representation mail survey among university graduates of 24 to 71 years old in Japan, nonsmokers had relatively many adjectival and verbal linguistic representatives for tobacco smoking. This shows that affective risk judgment with a “good-bad” criterion was made by persons who perceived the risk object useless and the risk was taken involuntarily. [Study 2].

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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After a joint seminar and a symposium with the SRA leading researchers, the Society for Risk Analysis, Japan (SRA-Japan) started its activities in 1988. Researches at SRA-Japan have been considered to cover various risk-related research agenda of disaster, industrial accident, food & medicine, environment, biohazard & infection, chemicals, radiation, disposal, and social & economic risk. Risk researches would have their stages of risk identification, risk assessment, risk communication & perception, risk management & governance, and risk education. The research articles on the Japanese Journal of Risk Analysis (JJRA) and the oral presentations at Annual Conferences of SRA-Japan showed that chemical risk assessment, environmental and health risks, risk communication & perception, and risk management & governance were the major agenda of the researches. SRA-Japan would hope to develop more international and more interdisciplinary researches.

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Language：Japanese  

“Trust” is an important factor of human relations. Researches on trust so far have focused on the pro-social effects of it. However, “trust” is the key factor of swindling as well. Two intensive interviews were conducted to victims of Commodities Futures Contracts. The victims told that they were under psychological stress and could not help trusting the salespersons’ advices, and the advices led them to lost their money of tens millions yen. Their psychological processes were interpreted to be effected by the thinking-variety-fading. Under the difficult situations it would be hard for the victims to consider the situations and to come to realize the varieties of possible solutions. As a result only they could do was to depend on / trust “experts”.

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10112/7041

Previous studies about presentation of risk messages have focused on the effects of recipients' attitude change. However, when we consider the influence social reality can have on risk perception and the necessity to communicate to the low-concern group, research into the communication process within the recipient group is also necessary. The purpose of this study was to examine information transmission behavior (intention of transmitting and transmission contents) of citizens after the risk messages were presented. For this study, the theme of risk message was nuclear power. Results showed that the intention of transmitting was high, to the degree that participants' attitudes were predictable. In addition, male participants' intention of transmitting was high to the degree of being predictable. However, female participants did not display any influence of predictable attitude. As for transmission contents, it was revealed that when participants watched a movie about shortage energy problems, participants tended to transmit information that promote nuclear power.

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Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement of Young Scientists

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Language：Japanese  

An experimental study was conducted on the effects that information pertaining to possible lack of energy may have on risk perception, risk judgments, and exploration of risk-related information. Three hundred and twenty-three randomly-sampled individuals, aged between 20 and 59 years, living in the Osaka area (Japan) participated in the experiment. During the experiment, participants watched either a video with images portraying a society lacking electricity (experimental group) or a video without such images (control group). Then, they freely explored a database consisting of scientific, technological, economic, social, and institutional information on nuclear power generation. Participants’ risk perception of nuclear power generation and degree of trust in the video and database producers, were measured using a questionnaire.The results suggested that, in terms of risk communication, the trust of the receivers in the information provider tends to increase. That is, when the provider presents convincing risk information, the receiver tend to become increasingly afraid and dependent on the provider, and this tends to enhance his trust in the latter. Moreover, the receiver’s trust in the provider was found, in the case of nuclear power generation, to be determined by the expectation of the provider’s ability, but not directly, that is, through the expectation of the latter’s prosociality.

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

When managing risks, people are often assumed to behave irrationally and emotionally. On risk researches Slovic(1987,1999) pointed out the “emotion heuristics” which stress the emotional process of risk judgments. However, some researchers (e.g. Behavioral Economy) argue that people’s behaviors are basically very rational even though they have some irrational biases. And some researchers (Edwards, 1990; Edwards &Hippel, 1995) suggested that rational appeals would influence on rational attitudes, while affective appeals wouldinfluence on affective attitudes. On this research we focused on the judgment processes of risk communication, and examined effects of rational-oriented-communication and emotional-oriented-communication on risk acceptance and trust formation. Total of 542 students at 4 universities participated in 4-wave experimental surveys in which risk communication toward MOX fuel using in nuclear power plants with rational or affective appeals was presented. The results showed that rational appeal had effects on attitude changes, while affective appeal had little effects.

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese  

CiNii Books

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An international mail survey of 1,354 biomedical researchers in five countries has revealed that interaction with the media is widespread among this group and that this interaction is largely perceived in a positive light. Possible reasons are offered as to why the perception persists that the scientist-journalist relationship remains troubled, despite the apparent reality. This reality may have negative as well as positive implications; the potential for too much control by the scientific community of media coverage about it, as well as that for too much media influence on inner-scientific processes, are also addressed.

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Language：Japanese  

While complex technologies can benefit society, the benefits can be accompanied by the risk of potential disasters.How do lay citizens judge whether to accept or reject technologies that carry such risks?It is often said that judgments made by the public at large are irrational and based on emotion.Is the public therefore attracted by emotional messages?The present research approached this question b y conducting a communication experiment on the public judgment of electricity produced by thermal plutonium.Five hundred and six students responded to one of five NPO pamphlets explaining the technology.The results suggested that 1) emotion-oriented massages were less effective than factual ones, 2) participants did not clearly differentiate their values on which they made their judgments, and 3) participants whose judgments were well-grounded trusted the NPO based on a perceived similarity of values, while perception of the NPO's fairness was the bases for those who made judgments based on emotion.Finally, implications of these results for the practice of communication on technologies were discussed.

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Venue：The 7th International Conference on Risk Analysis and Crisis Response [Athens, Greece]  

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Venue：International Symposium on Strategy of Disaster Risk Management for Sustainable Growth [Takatsuki, Japan]  

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Venue：Workshop on Compassion Research and Pro-social Decision Making [Eugine, USA]  

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Venue：Symposium on Population Migration and Repatriation Following Major Disasters [Los Angeles, USA]  

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Venue：Workshop on Compassion Research and Pro-social Decision Making [Eugine, USA]  

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Venue：The Global Conference on the International Network of Disaster Studies in Iwate, Japan “Iwate Conference” [Morioka, Japan]  

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Venue：The Society forRisk Analysis, Asia Conference 2018 [Takatsuki, Japan]  

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Venue：The Society forRisk Analysis, Asia Conference 2018 [Takatsuki, Japan]  

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Venue：The Society forRisk Analysis, Asia Conference 2018 [Takatsuki, Japan]  

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Venue：The Society forRisk Analysis, Asia Conference 2018 [Takatsuki, Japan]  

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Venue：The Society forRisk Analysis, Asia Conference 2018 [Takatsuki, Japan]  

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Venue：International Symposium on Urban Disaster Mitigation [Taizhou, China]  

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Venue：2017 Banaqia Symposium on Disaster Jurisprudence [Banaqia, China]  

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Venue：UUM/KU Joint Research seminar on Disaster [Sintok, Malaysia]  

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Venue：From the Management of Crisis to the Governance of Risk [Haikou, China]  

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Venue：The Society for Risk Analysis, Annual Meeting 2016 [San Deigo]  

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Venue：The 11th Biennial Conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology ［Cebu City]  

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Venue：8th International Conference on Applied Psychology [Paris]  

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Venue：Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Spring meeting 2013  

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Venue：Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Spring meeting 2013  

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Venue：Atomic Energy Society of Japan, Spring meeting 2013  

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Venue：53rd Annual Conference of Japanese Society of Social Psychology  

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Venue：25th Annual Conference of Society for Risk Analysis, Japan  

At the Great East Japan Earthquake 2011, we had lots of risk events such as earthquake, tsunami, nuclear power plant accident, and debris removal. Citizens as well as experts have faced to correct judgment on these risks. We conducted Online survey of risk perception with 2,500 respondents liveing in Tohoku, Tokyo, Osaka, and Kyushu in November 2011. The respondents' free descriptions about "the most impressive event at the disaster" were taken into correspondence analysis of quantitative data.

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Venue：25th Annual Conference of Society for Risk Analysis, Japan  

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Venue：日本リスク研究学会平成24年度大会，平成23年度学会賞受賞記念講演  

本講演は、日本リスク研究学会平成23年度学科賞受賞記念講演であった。土田昭司の研究のうち、特に、感情ヒューリスティクについての実証研究と、クライシス・コミュニケーションについて東京電力福島第一原発事故との関連から述べた。

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Venue：25th Annual Conference of Society for Risk Analysis, Japan  

This survey was examined the changes in structure of attitude toward nuclear power and the influence of environmental value on the attitude structure before and after the accident at the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. With residents of Aomori, Miyagi, and Fukushima prefectures as participants, we conducted online surveys in November 2009 and October 2011. Comparing the results before and after the accident, we found that trust in the management of nuclear power plants had a stronger influence on the perceived risk and benefit regarding nuclear power after the accident than before the accident. The value of concern about environmental destruction resulted in reduced trust in the management.

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Venue：Society for Risk Analysis, China, The 5th Annual Meeting [Nanjing]  

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Venue：日本原子力学会 2012年秋の年会  

本発表では、日本原子力学会社会環境部会が毎年実施している、首都圏住民と原子力学会員を対象とした質問紙調査のうち2012年1月に実施した結果を、経年変化を踏まえて報告した。東日本大震災における東京電力福島第一原発事故の前後において、原子力利用に対する態度は極端に否定的な方向に変化していた。この変化は、一般住民において顕著であったが、原子力学会員にも同様の傾向が認められた。しかしながら、原子力学会員においては原子力利用の必要性を肯定する根強い認識があった。これは、原子力学会員が東京電力福島第一原発事故を経験して、原子力利用を再考あるいは動揺しているものと解釈した。

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本シンポジウムは、土木学会において地下空間の防災・減災を検討したものである。土田昭司は、災害に遭遇したとき人々はどのような心理状態になりまたどのような行動をとりやすくなるものなのか，災害前の準備行動（防災への備え）をも含めて社会心理学の観点からいくつかの知見を述べた。

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Venue：World Congress on Risk 2012: Risk and development in a changing world [Sydney]  

The Tohoku Disaster 3.11 with earthquake M9.0, tsunami, and the Fukushima accident brought the inhabitants horrible damages. And they showed remarkably disciplined behavior in the disaster. To investigate the Japanese mind in disaster, we carried out online (web) survey in Japan and the US on October and November 2011. At the Japan survey we focused on Tohoku area people [N=1,000], Tokyo people [N=500], Osaka people [N=500], and Kyushu people [N=500] (Total N=2,500) andthe questionnaire was disigned to figure out the the people's responses to the disaster and their psychological factors. The US survey was nationwide and total of 830 people were targeted.

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本発表は、今後の消費者行動の発展を考えるシンポジウムにおいて、社会心理学的立場から、財・サービスの提供者の利益を目的変数とするのではなく、消費者の幸せを目的変数とする消費者行動研究を提案した。その際、安全心理学研究との融合との可能性についても指摘した。

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Venue：2nd Annual Asia Public Policy Forum: Disaster Management in Asia [Singapore]  

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Venue：Society for Risk Analysis, Annual meeting 2011 [Charleston,SC]  

On March 11th in 2011, huge earthquakes (M=9.0) attacked the northern part of Honshu (the main island of Japan). They caused the complex disaster with not only the quakes but also tsunami and Fukushima nuclear accidents. Immediately after the shocks most of the Japanese showed “calm panic”, i.e. they seemed to accept the tragedy. I had three hypotheses why the Japanese were in the calm panic. Hypothesis 1: the Japanese have equality oriented culture, and in the situation that everyone was suffering they would have thought it should be accepted. Hypothesis 2: the victims would have not yet come to the phase of reality perception. Hypothesis 3: the Japanese have strong sense of unity with nature, and they would have thought they had to accept what nature did because they were part of nature. A social survey was conducted to confirm the hypotheses in the connection of the effects of mass media.

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Venue：日本リスク研究学会 第24回年次大会  

本発表では、東日本大震災の約6ヶ月後の人々の意識調査結果を報告した。東北文化圏[N=1,000]、東京[N=500]、大阪[N=500]、九州[N=500]の住民を対象にオンライン(web)調査を実施した。これにより、東日本大震災の被害・影響を受けた東日本（東北文化圏、東京）と直接の被害を受けていない西日本(大阪、九州）の比較と、大都市圏（東京、大阪）と地方圏（東北文化圏、九州）の比較をおこなった。調査の結果、東北文化圏では地域社会が強く機能しており、被災への対応や防災・減災への取り組みが地域社会をもとになされている傾向があった。また、東北文化圏では、原子力発電所事故に対して最も否定的な評価がなされており、政府や東京電力に対する信頼感も最も低かった。

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Venue：The 19th Atomic Energy System Symposium  

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Venue：The 31st KAIF-JAIF Seminar on Nuclear Industry [Session: “PR and Communication Activities Hereafter”]  

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Venue：日本社会心理学会 第52回大会  

本発表では、内集団実体性が不安の自他一致度と態度推定の正確さによって影響を受けることを報告した。(発表者：塩谷尚正、土田昭司)

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Venue：日本社会心理学会 第52回大会  

本発表では、一般的な危険性認知が対人信頼感によって影響されることを調査データにもとづいて明らかにする試みを報告した。 (発表者：河嶋章生、土田昭司)

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Venue：日本行動計量学会 第39回大会 特別企画シンポジウム『災害報道と行動計量学』  

本シンポジウムは、日本香堂計量学会が東日本大震災に対応する特別企画として『災害報道と行動計量学』と題して開催したものである。土田昭司は、社会心理学における災害研究の継父を紹介すると共に、災害時における情報行動について考察した。

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Venue：統計関連学会連合大会 企画セッション(統計関連学会連合)「大震災の科学的評価と人間行動」  

3月11日に発生した津波を伴う東日本大震災後に見られた情報行動について検討した。特に、１）ネット上での情報流通、２）マスメディアによる情報発信、３）留学生を中心とする外国人への情報行動に焦点を当てた。一般に、大災害時においては、人々の不安の高まりと情報不足から風評などの誤った情報が流通しやすい。さらに、近年では被災者を援助したいとの動機からの誤った情報の流通も多く見られるようになってきている。また、情報弱者である外国人においても誤った情報が流通しやすいことが指摘できる。誤った情報が流通することを抑えるために行政や企業がネット上でとった措置、マスメディアの対応、留学生に対する大学の対応などについての分析結果をもとづいて考察を行った。

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Venue：日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会 第58回大会  

本発表では、大学内での安全を保つ行動が内集団実体性認知と集団効力感から影響を受けることを社会調査データにもとづいて報告した。なお、これはポスター発表であった。 (発表者：塩谷尚正、土田昭司)

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Venue：The 9th Biennial conference of Asian Association of Social Psychology ［KunMing, China]  

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Venue：The 9th Biennial conference of Asian Association of Social Psychology ［KunMing, China]  

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Venue：The 26th Japan-Taiwan Nuclear Safety Seminar [Tokyo]  

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Venue：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, the 16th Symposium of Power and Energy Systems [Invited Lecture]  

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Venue：The Japan Academy for Health Behavioral Science, the 26th conference [Invited Lecture]  

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Venue：Nanjing University [Nanjing]  

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Venue：8th Biennial Conference of the Asian Association of Social Psychology [Delhi]  

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Venue：Society for Risk Analysis, Annual meeting 2009 [Baltimore]  

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Venue：Joint Conference of Japanese Society of Social Psychology (50th) and Japanese Society of Group Dynamics (56th)  

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Agents of prevention, hazard mitigation, and recovery against disaster are categorized into 1)public sector (local governments / national governments), 2)community sector, and 3)private sector (individual / family).It is necessary to have Disaster Risk Communication toward the decision makers of each sector from the experts of disaster prevention and recovery.In each sector, decision makers will have their peculiar psychological biases and the risk communication should be adjusted according to their peculiarity.In Japan today, community and family function countering disasters are diminishing and institutionalized voluntary aids (and individual’s decision making) are becoming relatively important.In every country, function of influential mass media and web information cannot be bypassed.On this paper characteristics of disaster risk communication will be presented citing the research on BSE movement in Korea (Tsuchida, Tsujikawa, Shiotani, Nam, and Shin, 2009) and the experiment of emotional risk communication in Japan (Tsuchida, Tsujikawa, Koike, Tanigaki, and Nagaoka ,2008).

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Venue：Society for Risk Analysis, Annual meeting 2008 [Boston]  

Results of social surveys conducted in Japan for decades showed that the risk perception of the Japanese seemed to have changed when they experienced Kobe earthquake and bursting the babble economy, although they had some stable tendencies (e.g. middle-age female effect). On this presentation, I focus on the effects of affect and reason on the risk perception of the Japanese. In general, people are often assumed to behave irrationally and emotionally when they manage risks. Slovic (1987, 1999) pointed out the “emotion heuristics” which stress the emotional process of risk judgments.However, some researchers (e.g. Behavioral Economy: c.f. Kahneman & Tversky, 1979) argues that people’s behaviors are basically very rational even though they have some irrational biases.Two experimental surveys were carried out in 2007 in Japan on which we focused on the judgment processes of risk communication, and examined which would have stronger effects on risk acceptance and trust formation, rational-oriented-communication or emotional-oriented-communication.The results of them suggested that sufficient rational explanations would be necessary for the Japanese people at risk communications even when their judgment processes were influenced by their affects because of their trust formation.

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Venue：21st Annual Conference of Society for Risk Analysis, Japan [Osaka]  

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Venue：37th Conference of Japan Association for Consumer Studies  

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Venue：Science Council of Japan, Symposium open to public (The Japnaese Society for Hygiene)  

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Venue：The XXIX International Congress of Psychology [Berlin]  

Effects of affective responses to information about insufficient energy supplies in the future (=fear) on trust to informants, risk perception, risk judgments, and risk information exploring behaviors were examined with a laboratory experiment. Three hundred and twenty-three individuals between 20 and 59 years old who lived in Osaka area, Japan were randomly sampled and participated in the experiment. At the experiment, participants watched a video putting fear of future insufficient energy supply into them (experiment condition) or a video explaining energy supply with no fear (control condition), and then they explored a database of nuclear power which consisted of scientific, technological, economic, social, and institutional information of nuclear power. Participants’ information exploring behaviors including the length of time spent, trust in people who made the video and the database, risk perception of nuclear power, and disposition to trust in other persons were measured and analyzed.

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Venue：The International Conference on Public Communication of Science and Technology (PCST-10) [Malmo]  

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Venue：1st China-Japan Science Forum on Environmental Changes, Bio-resources, and Global Warming [Beijing]  

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Venue：The Institute of Statistical Methematics (ISM), Symposium  

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