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© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. VR technology is still under development and only the evaluation of the performance and functions of VR devices is being studied. There are few studies that are as subjective and difficult to evaluate as the study of immersion in VR. Moreover, methods and indicators for evaluating this characteristic are still unclear. By evaluating this characteristic quantitatively, it seems that technological development for enhancing the immersive feeling in the virtual space will be greatly improved. Therefore, the final goal of this research is to clarify the relationship between sensory display (force, vision and auditory sense) and Sense of Agency (SoA) in VR environment through physiological behavior measurement. To achieve the final goal, the aim for this paper is to establish a human-scale VR environment and to prepare an environment in which the SoA can be evaluated. We conducted physiological behavior measurements on two tasks, which are the “ball-catching task” which consists of dropping a ball weighing 220 g from a height of 80 cm and catching it, and the “rod-tracking task” that consists of moving the rod so as not to touch the wall of a sinusoidal path. In the “ball-catching task,” it was possible to evaluate the strength of force sense, and the evaluation of the slight force sense was carried out based on the “rod-tracking task”.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-91581-4_18

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

The effectiveness of respiratory-related indices for assessing drivers' mental strain induced by operating in-vehicle information system （IVIS） in actual driving was examined. A total of 10 male participants operated IVIS mounted on a dashboard during following preceding vehicle on a test course. Experimental conditions included five levels of difficulty in operating IVIS and respiratory activities were monitored by two strain-gauge sensors, placed on the thorax and the abdomen areas of the body. A total of nine respiratory-related indices （respiratory rate, respiratory amplitude, respiratory speed, inspiratory speed, expiratory speed, timing, drive, minute ventilation volume, and an index describing irregular respiratory rhythm） were obtained from respiratory data. Subjective mental strain measured by using NASA-TLX was recorded at each experimental condition as well. ANOVA on subjective mental strain revealed a significant main effect of difficulty in IVIS operation, and multiple comparisons for each condition showed that subjective mental strain increased with the difficulty in IVIS operation. Respiratory indices changed with the level of difficulty in IVIS operation, however their trends varied inconsistently. Among the evaluated indices, respiratory rate was found to be the most effective index for assessing the drivers' mental strain induced by IVIS operation.

DOI： 10.5100/jje.52.124

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG  

The objective of this study was to examine the changes in muscular loads of the forearm/hand areas and in the subjective responses associated with operability and discomfort levels when participants performed touch action on different sizes of smartphones. In the experiment, finger motions and electromyograms (EMGs) of three muscles were recorded during reciprocal tapping tasks with the smartphones while participants were in the seated position. Three sizes of smartphones as well as one with a small soft keyboard for minimizing dynamic thumb motions as an intervention were provided. The data showed that muscular loads on the thumb abduction and flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the finger were affected by the size of the smartphone used. A large smartphone with the keyboard intervention successfully reduced the muscular load for abduction of the thumb and, as a second-order effect, the force for holding the smartphone by using finger flexors. The subjective ratings of difficulty in touch action were significantly affected by the size of smartphone, and the subjective ratings of difficulty in gripping the smartphone were also affected by the size of smartphone. The results implied that both input method for reducing the amount of thumb abduction and key layout for reducing reach by the thumb are recommended to reduce the muscular loads for operating large smartphones.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-40349-6_50

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG  

This paper presents empirical results regarding emotional changes represented using different thermal gradients by measuring skin conductance responses (SCRs), when providing thermal information with various gradients. Participants attached a probe in their right forearm for thermal stimuli, and SCR measurements were conducted when participants perceived the time to detect a temperature change. The SCR amplitude showed a significant tendency to vary between +0.5 and -0.5 [degrees C/s] and between +0.5 and -0.3 [degrees C/s] of thermal gradients. The results of this study showed that differences in clear thermal gradients, such as the comparison between warm and cold stimuli, affected emotion, and differences in detailed thermal gradients, such as the comparison between 0.3 and 0.5 [degrees C/s] of thermal gradients, did not affect the changes in emotion.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-40349-6_56

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER INT PUBLISHING AG  

In this study, we focused on the visualization of tactile information, where people mapped the set of perceived tactile stimuli to the visible images. This empirical study was intended to determine these characteristics of visualization. Participants were asked to draw a set of two straight lines, given as tactile information perceived on their palm. Geographical differences between the original and perceived lines categorized into displacement, rotation angles, and scaling rates were analyzed by applying affine transformation. The participants drew significantly more deviating lines for subsequent lines. Participants also tended to draw the lines shifting downwards. The tendency to deviate the lines downwards was presumably explained by the psychological effects related to cautious behavior towards actions away from their bodies, i.e., participants were, in an involuntary manner, restrained to draw the lines at the upper part of the tablet, which was physically away from the body trunk, yielding a trend that many lines tended to be drawn nearer to the body.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-40349-6_51

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

As an interface for calling attention without noticing others, presentation of tactile thermal information, equipped with an input device was evaluated. The thermal presentation device was designed such that emotional changes were generated after the exposure of the warm and cold stimuli, which may lead to the alarm effect. The experiment was conducted to examine physiological and behavioral responses for the thermal stimuli by measuring reaction time to the stimuli with heart rate variability. The results revealed that the reaction times given by cold stimuli were shorter than those by warm stimuli although the changes in R-R interval of heart rate decreased significantly only by the presentation of warm stimuli. Further evaluation included the usability for the effects associated with alarm and recovery of drowsy situations.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-319-20612-7_39

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.50.336

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JLC/20001928141?from=CiNii

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.50.215

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JLC/20013436979?from=CiNii

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Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-39209-2_66

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The aim of this study was to analyze the posture of the upper extremities during the use of mobile communication devices. Using various sizes of mobile devices and display characters, we examined subjective muscular loads, viewing distances, and joint angles in the head, neck, shoulder, elbow, and lower back. No postural differences were found between the use of 7-in and 10-in devices, whereas the head and neck were significantly flexed and the elbow angles were decreased during the use of the 13-in device. Character size significantly affected the viewing distance
however, no differences in body angles were found. Participants continually increased their muscular loads during the task by flexing the head and neck, despite their high subjective discomfort levels in the neck and upper arm. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-39209-2-11

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We attempted to estimate a driver's steering intention by using human mechanical impedance, which changes as a result of muscle activity, because humans should be ready to act before moving. First, we verified the estimated accuracy of the impedance under a static condition. The estimation results showed good accuracy. Then, we tried to estimate the time-varying human impedance during a tracking task using the steering wheel. There were some instances where the stiffness became high before steering and became low after steering, but the occurrence rate was low. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-39209-2-1

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

Use of physiological indices including ECGs and EMGs was investigated for estimation of drivers' mental workload induced by using in-vehicle information system (IVIS). The subject performed multiple simultaneous task paradigm consisted of driving using driving simulator, use of car navigation system and stimulus detection task paradigm. The results indicated that muscular loads obtained by EMGs tended to show higher activity in coherent with the level of mental workload and high correlation coefficient between muscular loads. The performance associated with stimulus detection task revealed the potential use of EMG signals as an index for evaluating mental workload. © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-39209-2-65

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The objective of this study was to develop a prototype system to monitor biological signals using microwave radar, without making contact with the body and without removing clothing. The prototype system has a microwave Doppler radar antenna with a 24-GHz frequency and approximately 7-mW output power. Experiments were conducted with a group of subjects. We found that the prototype system precisely captured the heart rate and the heart-rate variability (HRV). Our prototype system allows for the monitoring of biological signals, without placing any burden on the monitored individuals © 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-39209-2-14

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society for Precision Engineering  

DOI： 10.11522/pscjspe.2013A.0.549.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

In some industrial inspection processes, multiprocess-handling workers are required to enter the results of visual inspection tests without using their hands because of efficiency or hygiene reasons. We have developed a hands-free visual inspection system by using saccadic latency, a temporal characteristic of saccadic eye movements. The proposed system is free from the Midas touch problem (i.e., the difficulty in developing an eye-typing interface owing to the difficulty in differentiating between intentional blinks and gazes and natural ones). For verifying the system, an experiment was conducted in which ten subjects performed a visual inspection task. The average defect detection rates were 99.4%, and no Midas touchrelated errors were observed. Results of the error analysis showed that redesigning the system interface would lead to a further enhancement of the system performance. (c) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/hfm.20276

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY-BLACKWELL  

This study introduces a novel technique for estimating visual field by using overlapped fixation patterns obtained by the amounts of displacement in voluntary eye movements during searching-tracking trials, as an alternative screening medical device for visual field examination. The proposed system was evaluated by glaucoma patients in order to study whether or not the proposed system can be used as a visual field detection device for screening. The proposed system was found to detect visual field abnormality to a certain extent. However, there were some cases in which detection of Mariotte blind spots was inaccurately performed. The experimental results revealed that there was room to reconsider our understanding regarding the effect of ptosis, overlapping with eyesight, as well as calibration of the display position to the correct location to be examined. The results of the evaluation experiment indicated that this proposed system has the potential to be used as a visual field examination device for screening. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 2940, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11384

DOI： 10.1002/ecj.11384

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP  

Finger joint angles while using a scroll wheel were monitored by two types of scrolling motions (scroll up and scroll down), using a high-speed motion analysis microscope. The finger joint angles were separately analyzed with two phases (wheel rotating phase and rewinding phase) during scrolling. Based on the changes in finger joint angles for 14 participants, it was revealed that MP joint angles during scroll up motions were 4.3% more over-extended than those during scroll down motions. Such overextensions were observed when they perform scroll up motion especially in rewinding phases to prepare for the next wheel rotating phases. Subjective discomfort level in scroll up motion was significantly higher than that in scroll down motion. Observed overextension during rewinding phase in scroll up motion may be the potential factor for the subjective discomfort. It was expected that changes in the location and size of scroll wheels may reduce the overextension and discomfort levels.

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Studies on dynamic touch have indicated that humans can estimate the length of a rod held in one hand simply by static holding or wielding it, without any visual information. Traditionally, these types of studies have held that proprioception is important for perceiving the length, but this has not been demonstrated experimentally. In order to present appropriate information by haptic and kinesthetic information devices, it is important to understand human basic haptic and kinesthetic characteristic as a mechanical system. In the present paper, we proposed identification-perception model based on proprioception, which was constructed by adopting system identification method considering human as one mechanical system. The originality of the model is that human cannot perceive rod's length, they only identify physical invariants. Moreover, in the model, humans select higher order information, when several physical invariants are available. The proposed model was verified by static holding experiment and dynamic touch experiment. The experimental results gave support to the proposed model. Moreover, human should perceived rod's length by using vibratory information with not only proprioceptive information but also cutaneous information. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/ICCME.2012.6275734

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

The objective of this study was to measure muscle activity during stair-climbing in order to estimate the water depth at which people can evacuate safely from urban underground. A life-size model of a staircase with a water pump that generated water flow from the top of stairs was constructed. In the study, electromyogram data were measured for six muscles on the right lower extremity, namely, the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, long head of the biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and gluteus maximus. From the results, the GA exhibited the highest muscle activity in the latter part of the stance phase, suggesting that the subjects tended to avoid stumbling against the stream of the water during ankle planter flexion. The results obtained from this study would be used for the construction of a guideline for evacuation from urban underground in flood disaster. © 2012 IEEE.

DOI： 10.1109/SEANES.2012.6299592

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan  

This study introduces a novel technique for estimating visual field by using overlapped fixation patterns obtained by amounts of displacement in voluntary eye movements during searching-tracking trials, as an alternative screening medical device for visual field examination. Proposed system was evaluated by glaucoma patients, in order to study whether or not the proposed system can be used as a visual field detection device for screening. As a result, the proposed system detected the visual field abnormality to a certain extent. However, there were some cases that detection of Mariotte blind spots was inaccurately performed. The experimental results revealed that there was room to reconsider our understanding regarding the effect of ptosis, overlapped with eye sight as well as calibration of the display position to the correct location to be examined. Results of the evaluation experiment indicated that this proposed system has a potential to be used as a visual field examination device for screening.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejeiss.131.1577

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00376332873?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Recently, nonrestrictive and noninvasive sensing techniques to measure vital signs have been actively researched and developed. This study aimed to develop a prototype system to monitor cardiac activity using microwave radar without making contact with the body and without removing clothing-namely, a completely noncontact, remote monitoring system. In addition, heart rate and changes in heart rate variability (HRV) during simple mental arithmetic tasks were observed with the prototype system. The prototype system has a microwave Doppler radar antenna with 24 GHz frequency and approximately 7 mW output power. The experiments were conducted with seven subjects (23.00±0.82 years). We found that the prototype system captured heart rate and HRV precisely. The strong relationship between the heart rates during tasks (r=0.96), LF (cross-correlation=0.76), and LF/ HF (cross-correlation=0.73) of HRV calculated from the prototype system and from electrocardiograph (ECG) measurements were confirmed. The proposed completely noncontact, remote method appears promising for future monitoring of cardiac activity as an indicator of changes in mental workload in workplaces.

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.30.241

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Publisher：Springer  

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-21793-7_55

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Studies on dynamic touch have indicated that humans can estimate the length of a rod held in one hand simply by wielding it, without any visual information. Traditionally, these types of studies have held that proprioception is important for perceiving the moment of inertia of the rod, but this has not been demonstrated experimentally. In the present paper, we focused on joint acceleration and torque as physical values that approximate proprioception by introducing dynamics-based mechanics. In the experiments, the acceleration of the swinging of the rod was controlled. Since the acceleration and the torque both varied with time, their peak values were adopted as representative values. No correlation was observed between the angular acceleration and the perceived rod length. However, a strong correlation was found between joint torque and the perceived length. This indicates that humans perceive rod length through joint torque, which approximates proprioception. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-21793-7_43

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

Recently, tactile interfaces, which are user interfaces that employ tactile perception for input/output, have been the focus of an increasing number of studies. However, tactile interface design guidelines to help optimize the characteristics of human tactile perception have not yet been fully developed. Thus, the objective of the study was to identify the influence of perception of phantom sensation on the location of stimulus presentation on the palm. For this purpose, a noncontact tactile display with an independent driven 12 by 12 matrix air-jet driver was constructed. The subjects orally responded one of following three perception levels, i.e., (1) a crisp phantom sensation was obtained, (2) incomplete phantom sensation was perceived due to scattered stimuli, and (3) only separate stimuli were perceived and no integrated perception was generated. Phantom sensation was perceived apparently at the proximal side of the index finger compared to the wrist areas. The obtained topography drastically changed between subjects, suggesting that each individual has different distribution of perceived phantom sensations. Future study included the range of securely perceived phantom sensations for determining the specifications of tactile displays. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

DOI： 10.1007/978-3-642-21793-7_51

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：THE VIRTUAL REALITY SOCIETY OF JAPAN  

It is important to consider not only the physical and geometrical principles but also the characteristics of the human visual space in order to construct a virtual reality space such as a driving simulator. It is hypothesized that the radical optical flow image that is observed while driving distorts the human visual space. Alley experiments were conducted to validate this hypothesis quantitatively. The results of distance alley experiments indicated that the visual space under a radical flow image condition was curved and converged more toward observers than that under a stationary image condition. It was concluded that the radical optical flow narrows the human visual space.

DOI： 10.18974/tvrsj.15.4_615

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD  

Drivers have various additional actions while driving, which do not belong to operations of a vehicle, for example, eating, drinking, pressing some buttons, and exchanging compact discs in a car audio system. These actions cause traffic accidents, because they used to distract driver's vision and decision making. Moreover posture of the driver during the actions influences driving operation seriously. Therefore, we focused on reaching actions while driving. In this paper, we investigated driving performance with reaching tasks using a simplified driving simulator. Furthermore, we examined influences of the additional actions on the driving performance with parameters of a driver-vehicle model.

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In some industrial inspection processes, multi-process handling workers are required for entering the results of visual inspection tests without using their hands, for efficiency or hygiene reasons. We developed a hands-free visual inspection system by using temporal characteristics of saccadic eye movements. The proposed system is free from the Midas touch problem, i.e., the difficulty in developing an eye-typing interface owing to the difficulty in differentiating between intentional blinks and gazes and natural ones. For verifying the system, an experiment was conducted where five subjects performed a visual inspection task. The average defect detection rates were 85.8%, and no Midas-touch-related errors were observed. Results of error analysis showed that redesigning of the system interface would lead to an enhancement of the system performance. © 2010 ACM.

DOI： 10.1145/2002333.2002335

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC  

The objective of this study was to construct and empirically evaluate an improved, online eye-typing interface with respect to its practical usability. The system used the concept of saccadic latency, a silent period of 200 to 250 msec precedes the initiation of a saccade, for identifying the user's intentional text entry. Ten individuals participated in the experiment that was conducted on 2 consecutive days, with three blocks of trials conducted on each day. A block included five trials, each of which involved completing the text entry of a short sentence using this eye-typing interface. The proposed interface was evaluated by the user's performance based on indices including typing speed and an error index. For defining the error index, the overproduction rates (ORs) were used. The results showed an average OR of 0.032 and average typing speed of 27.1 characters typed per minute. The result revealed that the typing speed changed as an effect of participant, day, and block. The characteristics of the proposed interface with the related characteristics of an eye-typing interface were summarized to discuss a further study for the eye-typing interface.

DOI： 10.1080/10447310903575499

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

The objective of the study is to evaluate whether use of apparent motion can be an effective presentation method for velocity information. Tell subjects participated in the experiment where they perceived apparent motion generated by air-jet and they controlled the speed of the moving object on the PC screen to express their perceived velocity. As a result, perceived velocity decreased sianificantly as the ISOI was increased. Perceived velocity changed with the duration when the ISOI was between 30-70 ms and when apparent motion was provided. Duration only affected perceived velocity when apparent motion is provided to the subjects. In conclusion, apparent motion generated by stimuli can be effectively used to transmit precise velocity information tactually.

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The objective of this study is to measure muscle activity during walking in order to estimate the distance that must be traveled for safe evacuation when the effect of the flow velocity changes. In the present study, electromyogram data were measured for six muscles on the right lower extremity, namely, the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, long head of the biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and gluteus medius. The experimental conditions included walking through a flooded hallway with 0.5-m-high water flowing at four different flow velocities (0, 0.47, 0.76, and 1.12m/s in the direction opposite to the walking direction) and walking on dry ground. From the results, the tibialis anterior exhibited, the highest muscle activity of up to 85% MVC with the toe off the ground, when the flow velocity was the highest, suggesting that the subject tended to avoid stumbling against water flow during ankle dorsiflexion. The activity of the gluteus médius increased with the flow velocity, suggesting that the subject tried, to stabilize the pelvic area to avoid falling. Empirical data for muscle activity during walking under flooded conditions in association with water height and flow velocity will contribute to better understanding safe evacuation from flooded urban underground, areas.

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.28.23

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

There are many people with impaired vision as well as hearing. Tactile displays can be useful to Such People for communicating by means of characters and shapes. Many devices for tactile displays Such as oscillators and electrocutaneous Stimulators have been developed. However oscillators have two drawbacks: physical stress tends to build LIP in actuators because Of long term exposure to oscillations, and they may transmit erroneous information because Of unstable contacts between magnetic pins and the skin. Moreover, electrocutaneous Stimulators cause discomfort to the user. In this Study, we have developed a tactile information presentation technique that uses air jet stimulations and tactile phantom sensations induced by it complex combination of tactile perceptions. The tactile display can transmit information to the skin without physical contact and is free from the restriction of pitch size. In this paper, we have examined its fundamental information transmission characteristics.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

The objective of this study is to empirically compare the accuracy of velocity perception generated by visual apparent motion with that generated by tactile apparent motion. From the results, the subjects were able to perceive velocity information through tactile stimulus presentation more accurately than through visual stimulus presentation. When tactile stimuli were presented, the effect of apparent motion enhanced the accuracy of velocity perception; however, this was not the case when the stimulus sets were visually presented.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：HUMAN FACTORS SOC  

Objective: The purpose of this study was to design and test alternative computer mouse designs that attempted to reduce extensor muscle loading of the index and middle fingers by altering the orientation of the button switch direction and the force of the switch. Background: Computer users of two-button mouse designs exhibit sustained lifted finger behaviors above the buttons, which may contribute to hand and forearm musculoskeletal pain associated with intensive mouse use. Methods: In a repeated-measures laboratory experiment, 20 participants completed point-and-click, steering, and drag tasks with four alternative mouse designs and a reference mouse. Intramuscular and surface electromyography (EMG) measured muscle loading, and movement times recorded by software provided a measure of performance. Results: Changing the direction of the switch from a conventional downward to a forward design reduced (up to 2.5% maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) sustained muscle activity (10th percentile EMG amplitude distribution) in the finger extensors but increased (up to 0.6% MVC) flexor EMG and increased movement times (up to 31%) compared with the reference mouse (p <.001). Implementing a high switch force design also increased flexor EMG but did not differ in movement times compared with the reference mouse (p <.001). Conclusion: The alternative mouse designs with altered switch direction reduced sustained extensor muscle loading; however, trade-offs with higher flexor muscle loading and lower performance existed. Application: Potential applications of this study include ergonomic and human computer interface design strategies in reducing the exposure to risk factors that may lead to upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders.

DOI： 10.1518/001872007X215665

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

This study examined the loudness of iterated rippled noises (IRNs) with different number of iterations under conditions of equal sound pressure. The scale values of loudness were obtained using a paired-comparison method. The results showed that the loudness of IRNs was not constant, even though the sound pressure level was equivalent. The loudness of IRNs increased with increasing iteration number. This indicated that repetitive components of sounds might affect their loudness. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.jsv.2007.03.007

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Instrument and Control Engineers  

Many reports indicated that children with developmental dyslexia have distinctive disorder in reading ability, however, there are no studies to investigate such ability based upon the characteristics of quantitative measurement in reading single character. Purpose of this study is to develop an effective method to evaluate the reading ability quantitatively. Specifically, we built a system to precisely measure the voice onset time (VOT) for hiragana characters. Here we report the results of VOT measurements in both normal and dyslexic populations. A total of eight children with dyslexia, eight healthy children and 15 healthy adults participated in the study on informed consent basis. Characters independently composed of syllabic sounds (non-contracted and contracted sounds, 106 characters in total) were chosen as the target data sets. The system automatically detected each pause and VOT and determined the time length of pronunciation in milliseconds. As a result, the time to pronounce a single character by the children with dyslexia was significantly longer than that by the healthy children and adults. The difference in VOT between non-contracted and contracted sounds suggested that the phonetic difference may affect the VOT. In conclusion, our proposed system can evaluate the reading ability for dyslexic children and it also demonstrated the effectiveness to organize the optimal strategy for improving their reading ability.

DOI： 10.9746/ve.sicetr1965.43.166

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN  

Human risk-taking behavior is a major factor for accidents. Several techniques for quantifying human risk-taking tendency include questionnaire and observation methods. These techniques, however, have been questioned their validity and reliability. Our objective was to propose and evaluate a computer task-based evaluation technique for measuring everyday risk-taking tendency. In this technique, the users perform tracing a certain length of pathway, from start to goal, shown on the display by mouse. The system monitors the trajectory of the mouse cursor and detects the point of decision-making when users change their strategy from steering motion to ballistic motion as the mouse cursor approaches to the goal, yielding the level of risk-taking behavior represented by the Index of Difficulty (ID) at the location of strategy change. The results of experiment showed that IDs were highly correlated with probabilities of risk-taking behaviors obtained from 16 question items.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

The distance of the keyboard from the edge of a work surface has been associated with hand and arm pain; however, the variation in postural and muscular effects with the horizontal position have not been explicitly explored in previous studies. It was hypothesized that the wrist approaches more of a neutral posture as the keyboard distance from the edge of table increases. In a laboratory setting, 20 adults completed computer tasks using four workstation configurations: with the keyboard at the edge of the work surface (NEAR), 8 cm from the edge and 15 cm from the edge, the latter condition also with a pad that raised the work surface proximal to the keyboard (FWP). Electrogoniometers and an electromagnetic motion analysis system measured wrist and upper arm postures and surface electromyography measured muscle activity of two forearm and two shoulder muscles. Wrist ulnar deviation decreased by 50% (48) as the keyboard position moved away from the user. Without a pad, wrist extension increased by 20% (48) as the keyboard moved away but when the pad was added, wrist extension did not differ from that in the NEAR configuration. Median values of wrist extensor muscle activity decreased by 4% maximum voluntary contraction for the farthest position with a pad (FWP). The upper arm followed suit: flexion increased while abduction and internal rotation decreased as the keyboard was positioned further away from the edge of the table. In order to achieve neutral postures of the upper extremity, the keyboard position in the horizontal plane has an important role and needs to be considered within the context of workstation designs and interventions.

DOI： 10.1080/00140130701330587

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study investigated the relationship between the force applied to a finger and the differential threshold of the force. Further, it presented an improvement function for tactile perception in archers by adapting to circumstances in which enhanced tactile perception and finger dexterity are required to practice archery on a daily basis. For this purpose, a tactile display using an air jet was developed. The air was aimed at the center of the fingertip of the index finger. The inner diameter of the nozzle was set to 3 mm. In this study, a psychophysical experiment was conducted to obtain the differential threshold from two subject groups-an archery athlete group and a control group. A total of six levels of standard stimuli ranging from 2.0 gf to 7.0 gf was obtained. As a result, the differential threshold of the archery group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The Weber ratio of the archery group remained around 0.13 and that of control group was 0.10. The experiment also revealed that the differential threshold for archers exhibited less fluctuation between the trials and between the days, which implied that the tactile perception of archery athletes may be more stable than that of non-experienced subjects. This may be a plasticity property of tactile perception.

DOI： 10.2114/jpa2.26.143

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japanese Society for Medical and Biological Engineering  

Although several studies have reported that the rise-time of sound stimulus affects on auditory evoked magnetic fields, effects of each parameter which vary in connection with rise-time—whole energy, rising-speed (<i>dL</i>/<i>dt</i>), spectrum—have not been clarified. In this study, N1m amplitudes and latencies were examined using noise-bursts with varying rise-time and constant energy or rising-speed. The results showed that N1m increased in amplitude and decreased in latency as rise-time increased (i.e, energy increased) under the rising-speed-constant condition. In contrast, N1m amplitudes and latencies did not vary significantly as rise-time increased (i.e., rising-speed decreased) under the energy-constant condition. These results indicate that sound energy has greater effects on N1m amplitude and latency than rising-speed.

DOI： 10.11239/jsmbe.45.114

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Other Link： https://search.jamas.or.jp/link/ui/2008049338

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/scj.20448

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

In this study, the authors developed the Lift-free soft keyboard (LFSK), a system with an input scheme for the soft keyboard, such that no tapping motions are required for the text entry. Basic mechanism for identifying keystrokes on LFSK is that the system recognizes a keystroke is generated if the speed of the tip of the stylus stays on a key within a certain threshold of speed. By using this system, the users are free from frequent tapping motions, hence less workload on their wrists and forearms are expected. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and muscular load for using this input scheme. In the experiment, eight participants performed word-processing task with the LFSK as well as the conventional tap-based soft keyboard. Dependent variables include surface EMGs to monitor neck, shoulder, forearm and finger muscle activities, subjective discomfort, typing speed, and number of errors. LFSK condition resulted in significantly less muscular loads at the upper extremity (<i>p</i><0.01). Subjective preference supported LFSK in terms of fatigues on the wrist and elbow (<i>p</i><0.01). The performance, however, was decreased during typing with LFSK (<i>p</i><0.01).Analysis on type of errors made provided valuable design ideas to improve the usability for LFSK. These findings indicated that LFSK may have a potential ability to control with less muscular load by improving the design.

DOI： 10.5100/jje.42.364

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

This paper presents the study to develop and evaluate techniques to authenticate valid users, using the keystroke dynamics of a user's PIN number entry on a numerical keypad, with force sensing resistors. Added with two conventional parameter lists of elements, i.e. digraph latency times and key hold times, keying force was chosen as a third element. Two experiments were conducted. The first experiment was to evaluate whether the three types of elements derived from keystrokes have a significant effect for subjects and to examine how trials and session effects generated the variation of the three elements. The second experiment was to demonstrate the system performance by calculating the False Rejection Rate (FRR) and the False Acceptance Rate ( FAR) of the system. In the second experiment, a total of 20 keystrokes were recorded from each subject one week after the memorizing session, in order to evaluate the FRR of the system. To evaluate the FAR of the system, the subjects pretended to be impostors, and therefore they repeatedly watched videotaped pass trials made by a valid user as many times as they desired, and tried to imitate the keystroke dynamics of the valid users. The subject's keystrokes were then evaluated on whether they could fool the system. The first experiment, ANOVA revealed that a significant effect of subject was found on each of all three elements. Trial was not significantly affected to digraph latency times and peak force; however, it was significantly affected to key hold times. There was a trend that keystroke dynamics characterized by each element showed reformation of their patterns and reached a steady state over the 10 weeks of experimental sessions. The results of the second experiment showed the average equal error rate to be 2.4%. The results of system performance were compared with those of other studies and concluded that it was difficult to obtain enough information to behave as a perfect impostor by monitoring the videotaped keystrokes.

DOI： 10.1080/01449290512331321884

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

Visual inspection is still playing a major role in inspection process at production lines, and as a result of this human factor involvement, production decrease is often said to be caused by the fatigue of the inspectors and this physical fatigue of the workers itself imposes a serious issue. The visual fatigue mainly comes from lowering activities of the optical system of the central nerves caused by the monotonous workload of inspection. Ishikawa and Sasaki proposed a new visual inspection method paying attention to visual characteristics, and this method improved detection rate of defective outputs from production lines. This productivity improvement is thought to be brought about from a fact that horizontal eye movement gives less fatigue to the optical system. This paper describes a remarked physiological workload difference upon visual inspectors between horizontal and vertical eye movements by experiments of shifting fixations horizontally and vertically, and it is shown from the experiments that the visual inspection method that uses horizontal movement is far more effective.

DOI： 10.5100/jje.41.154

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：American Academy of Clinical Neurophysiology  

In this study, brain functions in stroke patients and normal subjects were analyzed by observing neuromagnetic fields during button pressing tasks. The measurements included force measurement, visual stimuli presentation and magnetoencephalography (MEG). A 122-channel whole-head MEG system (Neuromag 122) was used. A total of 18 subjects (11 post-stroke and 7 control subjects) participated in the study
adequate MEG data were obtained from 3 of the patients. Equivalent current dipoles for MRFs were estimated with the following parameters: goodness of fit (&gt
75%), confidence volume (&lt
6000mm3), and the duration of dipole (&gt
10msec). In addition to the single dipole analysis, Minimum Current Estimates were applied for source estimation since neural activities for stroke patients were observed at the motor cortex of the contralateral side as well as other areas of the brain. Contralateral motor cortex was activated for the normal subjects at 50 ms prior to the force onset, whereas ipsilateral motor cortex was activated for some stroke patients and patients' dipole moments differed not only in their locations but also in their latencies, ranging from -150 to 50 ms to the force onset. The results were in agreement with the findings by PET and fMRI studies
therefore, it was implied that the compensating motor functions were shifted to neighboring areas of the brain due to the recovering motor function after stroke.

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学術研究助成基金

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Language：English   Publisher：Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology  

Kansai University Research Grants

DOI： 10.2114/jpa.22.89

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00162157307?from=CiNii

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology  

The present study examined the presence of bilateral control mechanism generated by both neurological and cognitive interaction reported by earlier studies.The experiment was conducted to measure grip force of each hand during coordinated bimanual arm movement that hold aloft a test object with one hand,that transport and put loads on the test object with the other hand.A total of five healthy subject(4 right-handed,1 left-handed)was participated in the study.Grip forces applied to the test object and load object were measured.The process of the movement was divided into four phases;preparation phase,transition phase,transportation phase,and loading phase.First,the subjects held aloft the test object with one hand,while the load at the ground was held during transition phase.It was examined that the presence of bilateral control mechanism generated by neurological interaction such that the force on the other hand was co-generated so as to assimilate the force on the loaded hand in this phase.However,the experiment showed that no effects by neurologically originated control mechanism were found.Second,the subjects transported and put loads on the test object held aloft during transportation phase.It was examined that the presence of bilateral control mechanism generated by cognitive interaction was observed.In conclusion,preparatory grip force increment was produced and it was in proportion to the load held.

DOI： 10.20718/jjpa.7.3_115

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Physiological Anthropology  

The objective of the present paper is to investigate two characteristics;task performance and muscular load during both skill and post-skill processes for the pen-tablet input system with the mouse input system on the PC.A total of five ritht-handed subjects with at least a year of experience in PC-use and without any history of the pen-tablet use participated in the study.Two computer-drawing tasks(straight-line drawing task and polygon tracing task)for evaluating the system were designed.Dependent measures included performance parameters such as duration time to complete each drawing and error rates,and surface electromyography(EMG).When the pen-tablet system was being used,low amplitudes of EMGs for the biceps brachii,the flexor digitorum superficialis,and the extensor digitorum were found,whereas EMG for the trapezius appeared to be high.On the first day,the performance with the mouse was much higher than the performance with the pen-tablet system in terms of error rates and the number of completed trials.However,the performance with the pen-tablet system exceeded the performance with the mouse from the second day on,and subjects performed better with the pen-tablet system than with the mouse.The overall results imply that the skill process for the pen-tablet system was very short and the subjects felt comfortable to use the new system in general and physiological measures supported the subjective reports by the subjects as well.

DOI： 10.20718/jjpa.6.4_19

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

The objective of this study was to obtain empirical data for pointing force applied to the mouse in relation to the characteristics of a display layout such as target areas and approaching angles to the target areas. For our experiment, a 5 mm-diameter force sensitive resistor was equipped at the top of the microswitch inside the mouse for the measurement of the pointing force. A total of five subjects were instructed to perform a series of pointing tasks as quickly and precisely as possible with different target size and approaching angles. The ANOVA showed a significant main effect for target size on the pointing force and the movement time. Indices of difficulty (IDs) were calculated by target sizes and linear distances between targets. The smallest pointing force was found in the conditions with highest IDs. Detailed analyses on mouse use with this methodology can contribute much to the ergonomic design of graphical user interface (GUI) that enables more comfortable use of the mouse as well as the evaluation of computer tasks with the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
Relevance to industry
This research provides a practical technique for measuring pointing force applied to the mouse, which would be valuable for evaluating VDT tasks in epidemiological studies. Software designers, especially who engage in GUI, may use information associated with the relationship between operating force and characteristics of display layouts. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publisher：Kansai University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Kansai University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

The objective of this paper was to propose 'Concentric interpolation', a new interpolation technique for EEG potentials for imaging the brain activity. The major merits of this technique were: 1) Any points in the image can be interpolated by two-dimensional sampling theory, and 2) unlike ordinal techniques, any interpolated points do not depend on x-y coordinates. The technique was fully introduced and demonstrated by comparing estimated EEG potentials with empirically measured potentials at two typical locations (<i>Cz</i> and <i>P</i>₄ defined by International 10-20 electrode system) when cognitive tasks were applied to the subjects. A total of 12 locations were used for generating two-dimensional images by concentric interpolation. Potentials estimated by the concentric interpolation were significantly closer to the measured potentials than those by the ordinal interpolation technique. With physical-restriction-free and intrusiveness-free characteristics, this technique using EEG signals can contribute especially to analyses and objective evaluation for ergonomically-oriented studies such as mental stresses and cognitive researches.

DOI： 10.5100/jje.35.69

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERCEPTUAL MOTOR SKILLS  

Topographical patterns of event-related potentials were compared on a visual display terminal for a data-input task and a number-comparison task. Maximum negative peaks were found in the frontal and central regions for the former but at mid-line locations for the latter. Latencies were shorter in the occipital regions than in the frontal regions for the former and the opposite pattern was found for the latter. An analysis of variance indicated that hemispheric location significantly affected the amplitude of peaks. On the other hand, latencies were affected by the task, frontal and occipital regions, and their interaction. These results suggest that a pattern of the topographic display of event-related potentials can be used as an objective means for classifying visual tasks.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学先端科学技術推進機構  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

The purpose of this study is to estimate intentions whether drivers try to steer by using human mechanical impedance around the steering wheel shaft. In present paper, following two experiments were described. The first experiment was conducted to verify the accuracy of mechanical impedance of weights and springs whose physical properties, that were the inertia and stiffness, were known. In consequence, it was confirmed that the inertia and stiffness can be accurately estimated. In the second experiment, time-varying impedance due to subjects was estimated by using Kalman filter when they performed tracking task by the steering wheel.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

While driving, drivers perform non-driving-related actions such as reaching toward the dashboard. Such actions cause their bodies to tilt and their arm positions to change. To maintain body posture, drivers exert a force with their arms on the steering wheel; this is called the internal force. Maneuverability of the steering wheel is affected by the internal force, the arm posture and muscle stiffness. In the existing study of the human operations, it was analyzed the impedance characteristics as the human-object closed linkage system. In this report, it was investigated the maneuverability of the steering wheel due to the additional actions and the tracking task was conducted as the experiments. Furthermore, the maneuverability was analyzed by using the estimated rotational impedance of the steering wheel. The results indicate that the maneuverability became low as increasing the internal force and stretching the arm and the impedance was decrease at the infection of the steering wheel angle.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Kansai University  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学学術フロンティア・センター  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

Understanding of human threshold to passive force is important for the development of haptic interface, which plays an important role in many fields including virtual reality. Detailed information with regard to the threshold especially contributes to the improvement for the reality of the haptic interface. In this study, we developed the equipment, where designed dynamic air pressure can be given to the subject with a precision of 0.1gf.By using this equipment, we demonstrated human passive force threshold. As a result, it was observed that difference threshold tend to be increased as the standard stimuli are increased.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

An authentication system using dynamic mouse patterns were developed. Two techniques, P-type Fourier descriptor and DP matching, was used separately for the authentication and compared each other in terms of their performance. Results of the experiment showed that the equal error rate was 10.6% of equal error rates for the P-type Fourier descriptor and 7.3% for the DP matching technique. Further study, however, should be encouraged to improve its performance for an alternative methodology to biometric authentication.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers  

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Language：English   Publisher：Kansai University  

In this study we especially associate eye movements in tracking a visual target with dysfunctions caused by symptoms of intoxication in both frontal and parietal lobes. Visual targets used in this study were of apparent movements and of periodical triangular wave form on display. Two moving patterns of a visual target were provided for the experiment One is designed so as to demand a perceptual task, and another for a cognitive task. Each subject carried out the tracking process under three conditions: of no-alcohol, of low and high concentrations. In the case of an intoxicated subject, the latency and the duration of saccade are more prolonged, the mean velocity is reduced, and the amplitude is enlarged, especially in the case of tracking a visual target with a moving pattern which requires a cognitive task. There is no difference between the two tasks on the neural network for setting up necessary parameters to start off a saccade, but the quality of eye tracking is definitely affected by high quantities of alcohol. This corroborates Terao's hypothesis that the neural network can compensate for the damage only at one area in the brain, but does not cooperate well if damage exists in multiple areas of the brain.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学  

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Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.35.1Supplement_58a

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.34.Supplement_180

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.33.Supplement_416

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DOI： 10.5100/jje.33.Supplement_422

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Ergonomics Society  

DOI： 10.5100/jje.33.Supplement_386

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Event date： 2019.7

Venue：アメリカ オーランド  

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Venue：韓国 ソウル  

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Venue：大阪 関西大学  

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Venue：富山国際会議場  

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Venue：アメリカ ラスベガス  

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Venue：韓国 チェジュ  

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Venue：韓国 チェジュ  

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Venue：和歌山 近畿大学  

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Venue：三重 三重県立看護大学  

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Venue：三重 三重県立看護大学  

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Venue：大阪大阪市立大学  

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Venue：大阪関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Venue：大阪関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Venue：大阪大阪府立大学  

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Venue：アメリカ ロスアンジェルス  

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Venue：大阪  

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Venue：大阪  

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Venue：新潟  

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Venue：習志野