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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

A synthetic method for 1,2-dihydroisoquinolines via the 6-endo-dig cyclization of 2-alkynylaldimines and nucleophilic addition has been developed. When the 2-alkynylaldimines were reacted with various nucleophiles such as nitromethane, dimethyl malonate, phenylacetylene, hydrosilane, allylstannane, and ketene silyl acetal in the presence of a rhenium catalyst, the corresponding 1,2-dihydroisoquinolines were obtained in moderate to good yields.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.180200

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The Meinwald rearrangement reaction of oxiranes to the corresponding carbonyl compounds is efficiently catalyzed by the ReBr(CO)(5) complex. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Chemical Society of Japan  

Metal-free benzannulation reaction of 2-(phenylethynyl)- benzaldehyde and alkynes proceeded in the presence of Brønsted acid under microwave irradiation to give the 2,3- disubstituted naphthalenes.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.20160308

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Chemical Society of Japan  

The 9,10-bis(3-aryl-2-naphthyl)anthracenes 3 were prepared by the benzannulation reaction of 2-(phenylethynyl)benzaldehyde (1) and the corresponding 9,10-bis(arylethynyl)anthracenes 2 in the presence of Cu or Re catalyst and trichloroacetic acid. The photophysical properties of 3 in solutions were investigated.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.20150341

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC  

Easy and facile syntheses of the 4H-benz[de]anthracen-4-one derivatives were achieved by the reaction of benzanthrone and lithium acetylides, followed by the treatment with silica gel in CHCl3.
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DOI： 10.1080/00397911.2016.1154159

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：SOC SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEM JPN  

The utilization of lanthanoid metal salts and organolanthanoid compounds as synthestic reagents or catalysts in organic synthesis has been steadily interesting due to their unique chemical properties. Low-valent, trivalent, and tetravalent lanthanoid compounds have been widely used in organic reactions, however, the direct use of lanthanoid metal is still rare due to their low solubility in organic solvents or their instability under aerobic conditions.
In this paper, we show the various organic reactions by the direct use of lanthanum metal as a reagent. Various unstable carbon species, such as alkyl radicals, o-quinodimethane, carbene, benzyne and alkylidene carbene, were easily generated by the reaction of organohalogen compounds with lanthanum metal. Carbonyl compounds were also reduced by lanthanum metal and the generated reducing species were widely used on the new carbon-carbon bond formations. The synthesis of organochalcogenides was successfully achieved by the reaction of dichalcogenides, alkyl halides, and lanthanum metal.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry  

When 2-ethynylbenzoic acids were treated with a catalytic amount of a rhenium complex, such as ReCl(CO)5, 6-endo cyclization of 2-ethynylbenzoic acids proceeded with a high selectivity to give the corresponding isocoumarins in moderate to good yields.

DOI： 10.3987/COM-15-13311

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Chemical Society of Japan  

3, 3′-Disubstituted 2, 2′-binaphthyls were prepared by the Cuor Re-catalyzed double benzannulation reaction of 2-(phenylethynyl) benzaldehyde with various butadiynes in the presence of trichloroacetic acid, in moderate to good yields. Acceleration of the second benzannulation was clearly observed. © 2014 The Chemical Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.140169

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Wiley-Blackwell  

A simple and selective synthetic method of quinolines and indoles by the reaction of β- (2-nitrophenyl)-α,β-unsaturated ketones with carbon monoxide was developed. When β-(2-nitrophenyl)- α,β-unsaturated ketones were allowed to react with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of sulfur or a catalytic amount of selenium, the corresponding quinolines were produced in moderate-to-good yields. On the other hand, in the absence of water, the indoles were produced by the selenium-catalyzed reaction of the β-(2-nitrophenyl)- α,β-unsaturated ketones with carbon monoxide.

DOI： 10.1002/hc.21189

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When 2-nitrostilbenes were treated with carbon monoxide in the presence of elemental sulfur, the reductive N-heterocyclization of the 2-nitrostilbenes smoothly proceeded to give the corresponding indoles in moderate to good yields. © 2013 The Japan Institute of Heterocyclic Chemistry.

DOI： 10.3987/COM-13-12708

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Dibenz[a,h]anthracene (1a) and its dimethoxy derivatives 1b and 1c were synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed intramolecular double-cyclization of the corresponding (Z,Z)-p-styrylstilbene derivatives 25, which were readily prepared by the Wittig reaction. The optical properties of the dibenz[a,h]anthracenes 1a1c are also presented. © 2012 The Chemical Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.2012.215

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The carbazoles 1 and dibenzofurans 2 having naphthalimide unit were synthesized by the cross coupling reaction of 4-bromonaphthalimide 3 with aniline and phenol derivatives followed by the intramolecular cyclization, respectively. The chromophores 1c and 2c substituted methoxy group exhibited the strong fluorescence solvatochromism. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.066

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For the cesium carbonate-catalyzed α-phenylthiolation of carbonyl compounds with diphenyl disulfide, the yields of the α-phenylthio carbonyl compounds were dramatically improved by the addition of a catalytic amount of diphenyl diselenide. © 2011 The Chemical Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.20110127

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：WILEY  

When 2,2'-dinitrostilbene derivatives were allowed to react with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium, reductive cyclization and carbocyclization proceeded to give indolo[1,2-c]quinazolin-6(5H)-ones, containing both indole and cyclic urea units, in moderate yields. 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:571-575, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibraiy.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20685

DOI： 10.1002/hc.20685

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It was found that a rhenium complex such as ReBr(CO)5 acts as an efficient catalyst for the acylative cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bond of ethers with acyl chloride, giving the corresponding esters in moderate to good yields. © 2010 Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart, New York.

DOI： 10.1055/s-0030-1259043

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A reduction method of aliphatic nitro compounds to oximes using carbon monoxide was developed. When aliphatic nitro compounds were treated with carbon monoxide in the presence of a selenium catalyst, the corresponding oximes were formed in moderate to good yields. © 2010 The Chemical Society of Japan.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.20090347

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

It was confirmed that lanthanurn metal was an efficient reagent for the reductive dehalogenation of gem-dihaloalkanes. When gem-dihaloalkanes were allowed to react with lanthanum metal in the presence of alkenes, cyclopropanation of the alkenes occurred under mild conditions giving the corresponding cyclopropanes in moderate to good yields. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.06.168

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

1,4-Diketones were prepared by the reaction of alpha-bromo ketones with tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) in moderate to good yields. Similarly, a-bromo esters were reductively coupled using TDAE to give the 1,4-diesters in moderate yields. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.05.141

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A new method for the synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-2-ones has been developed. When oxiranes were allowed to react with sulfur in the presence of a catalytic amount of sodium hydride under pressurized carbon monoxide, the three-component coupling of oxiranes, sulfur, and carbon monoxide smoothly proceeded to give the 1,3-oxathiolan-2-ones in moderate to good yields. The reaction proceeded with a high regioselectivity and stereospecificity. For the reaction of oxiranes possessing an aromatic ring, the yields of the 1,3-oxathiolan-2-ones were lower than that of the oxiranes possessing no aromatic ring due to the formation of alkenes and thiiranes as byproducts. However, the product yields were improved by the addition of a catalytic amount of selenium. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.081

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG  

The treatment of benzylidene(2-nitroaryl)amines, prepared by the reaction of o-nitro aniline and benzaldehydes, with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium under basic conditions, afforded 2-aryl-1H-benzimidazoles in moderate to good yields.

DOI： 10.1055/s-2005-922771

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A unique catalytic ability of selenium has been developed. When alcohols were allowed to react with diaryl disulfides in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium under a pressurized carbon monoxide, S-aryl-O-alkyl thiolcarbonates were obtained in moderate to good yields. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.108

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

A new method for the synthesis of thiocarbamates has been developed. When dialkyl or diaryl disulfides were allowed to react with secondary amines and carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium complex, the thiocarbamates were obtained in moderate to good yields. In contrast to that of secondary amines, in the reaction of a primary amine, no formation of thiocarbamate was confirmed, but urea was formed in good yield.

DOI： 10.1021/jo048350h

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD  

New synthetic methods of organoselenium compounds by the use of phenyl tributylstannyl selenide (PhSeSnBu3) (1), which is a stable selenium reagent in air and moisture, as a phenylselenated reagent have been developed. In the presence of palladium complex catalyst, the reaction of 1 with organohalogen compounds took place efficiently to give the corresponding organoselenium compounds in moderate to good yields. Furthermore, it was found that Lewis acid assisted the reaction of 1 with oxygen-containing compounds giving the corresponding organoselenium compounds.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

It was confirmed that lanthanum metal is an efficient reagent for the reductive cleavage of the tellurium-tellurium bond of ditelluride. Alkyl phenyl tellurides were prepared by the reaction of diphenyl ditelluride with primary and secondary alkyl halides in the presence of lanthanum metal and a catalytic amount of iodine in moderate to good yields. The reaction was accelerated by the addition of HMPA. In addition, the reduction of ditelluride with lanthanum metal, followed by the addition of acyl or aroyl chlorides or alpha,beta-unsaturated ester, provided the Te-phenyl tellurol esters and the beta-phenyl telluro ester in moderate yields.

DOI： 10.1246/bcsj.78.341

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A new method for the reductive debromination of 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)arenes has been developed. The treatment of 1,2- bis(bromomethyl)benzene with tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) (1) in the presence of olefins gave 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenes in moderate to good yields. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.11.114

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

It was confirmed that the rhenium complex, ReBr(CO)(5), catalyzed the allylation of aldehydes with allyltributylstannane to give the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in moderate to good yields. Similarly, the reaction of aldehydes with enol silyl ether was efficiently promoted by the rhenium catalyst to afford the corresponding beta-hydroxy carbonyl compounds. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.022

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The convenient method for the synthesis of 1,3-oxathiolan-2-ones by the reaction of epoxides with elemental sulfur and carbon monoxide in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium hydride has been developed. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.09.105

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG  

It was confirmed that selenium catalyzed the reaction of 2-nitrobenzyl alcohols with carbon monoxide to afford 1,4-dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-ones in good yields. Similarly, seven-membered cyclic carbamate was prepared by the reaction of 2-(2-nitrophenyl)ethanol with carbon monoxide.

DOI： 10.1055/s-2004-820018

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD  

Novel half-disc mesogens of general structure 6,7,10,11-tetrakis(alkoxy)triphenylene-1,4-dione were synthesized and their phases characterized by polarized microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. These compounds were found to form hexagonal columnar mesophases upon heating, despite their half-disc molecular shapes. X-ray diffraction suggests that within the mesophases a dimeric mesogenic subunit exists, driven by dipolar forces, in which the molecules are oriented antiparallel to one another. Such a dimer is approximately disc-shaped, and may explain the formation of columnar phases by these half-disc molecules.

DOI： 10.1080/15421400490435396

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Alcohols, ethers, and esters were directly converted to the corresponding alkyl phenyl selenides by the reaction of diphenyl diselenide and the La/Me3SiCl/I-cat.(2)/(CUI)-C-cat.. It was suggested that alkyl phenyl selenides were formed by the S(H)2 type reaction of diphenyl diselenide with alkyl radicals generated from alcohols, ethers or esters.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.2003.918

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Alcohols, ethers, and esters were directly converted to the corresponding alkyl phenyl selenides by the reaction of diphenyl diselenide and the La/Me3SiCl/I-cat.(2)/(CUI)-C-cat.. It was suggested that alkyl phenyl selenides were formed by the S(H)2 type reaction of diphenyl diselenide with alkyl radicals generated from alcohols, ethers or esters.

DOI： 10.1246/cl.2003.918

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

A new synthetic method of organoselenium compounds has been developed. When phenyl tributylstannyl selenide (PhSeSnBu3) was allowed to react with acyl or aroyl chlorides in the presence of a catalytic amount of a palladium complex such as Pd(PPh3)(4), Se-phenyl selenol esters were obtained in moderate to good yields. Similarly, the palladium complex catalyzed the reaction of PhSeSnBu3 with alpha-halo carbonyl compounds to afford the corresponding alpha-phenyseleno carbonyl compounds in moderate yields.

DOI： 10.1021/jo026894i

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Benzylic and allylic alcohols were deoxygenatively dimerized by a treatment with lanthanum metal and chlorotrimethylsilane in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine, giving the corresponding coupling products, alkanes, in moderate-to-good yields. This dimerization reaction was dramatically accelerated by the addition of a catalytic amount of copper(I) iodide. Similarly, ethers and esters were deoxygenatively dimerized by La/Me3SiCl/I-cat.(2)/(CuI)-Cu-cat. system in the presence of a catalytic amount of H2O.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

A novel method for the hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds has been developed. When carbonyl compounds were allowed to react with trimethylsilyl phenylselenide and tributylstannyl hydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of AIBN as the radical initiator, hydrosilylation of the carbonyl compounds efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding silyl ethers in moderate to good yields. In the absence of carbonyl compounds, the triethylsilyl hydride was obtained by the reaction of PhSeSiEt3 with Bu3SnH. Although the tributylgermyl phenylselenide instead of PhSeSiMe3 was treated with tributylstannyl hydride in the presence of a benzaldehyde under radical conditions, hydrogermylated product was not obtained and tributylgermyl hydride was mainly formed.

DOI： 10.1021/jo025681q

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A new generation method of benzytle has been developed. When 1.2-dihalogen substituted arenes were allowed to react with lanthanum metal in the presence of dienes. Diels-Alder products between benzyne and dienes were formed in moderate to good yields. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

It was found that the deoxygenative coupling of alcohols efficiently proceeded by treatment with lanthanum metal and chlorotrimethylsilane in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. This coupling reaction was accelerated by the addition of a catalytic amount of copper(I) iodide. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A catalytic synthetic method of 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones has been developed. When N-(2-nitrobenzoyl)amides were treated with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium, reductive N-heterocyclization of N-(2-nitrobenzoyl)amide efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones in moderate to good yields. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

It was found that the reaction of 1,2,3-selenadiazoles derived from cyclic ketones with olefins or dienes was markedly promoted by a catalytic amount of tributylstannyl radical, which was generated in situ from tributylstannyl hydride or allyltributylstannane and AIBN, to give the corresponding dihydroselenophenes in moderate to good yields. In contrast, when 1, 2,3 -selenadiazoles prepared from linear and aromatic ketones were used as substrates, the same reaction did not take place, and alkynes were formed as the sole product.

DOI： 10.1021/jo010893t

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

Results of the reaction of alkyl halides with lanthanum metal have been shown. The reduction of alkyl iodide with 1/3 equiv of lanthanum metal efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding reductive dimerized products along with the formation of reduction and dehydroiodination products. In the case of alkyl bromides and chlorides, the reaction did not proceed under the same reaction conditions as that of alkyl iodides; however, the reaction was dramatically promoted by the addition of a catalytic amount of iodine. A reaction pathway including alkyl radicals was suggested.

DOI： 10.1021/jo016205n

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

It was found that palladium complex catalyzed three-component coupling of phenyl tributylstannyl selenide with aryl iodides and carbon monoxide to afford the corresponding, selenol esters in moderate to good yields. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

The treatment of N-benzylideneaniline (1a) with a half-equivalent of lanthanum metal and a catalytic amount of iodine gave the reductive dimerization product of 1a, a vic-diamine, in good yield. Various vic-diamines were synthesized from aldimines in this manner in moderate to good yields. Our findings suggest that electrons of a zero-valent lanthanum metal were efficiently utilized in this reductive dimerization. In the reaction of ketimines, however, a similar reductive dimerization did not take place, and the corresponding amines were formed as the sole products. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/hc.10007

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

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When carbonyl compounds were allowed to react with phenyl trimethylsilyl selenide and tributylstannyl hydride in the presence of a catalytic amount of AIBN as a radical initiator, the hydrosilylation of the carbonyl compounds efficiently proceeded to give the corresponding silyl ethers in moderate to good yields.

DOI： 10.1021/ol0162567

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Rhenium complexes have been shown to catalyze the alkylation of arenes with alkyl halides. When arenes were reacted with an alkyl chloride in the presence of a catalytic amount of rhenium complexes, such as bromopenta-carbonylrhenium(I) [ReBr(CO)(5)], tricarbonylcyclopentadienylrhenium(I) [Re(C5H5)(CO)(3)] and decacarbonyldirhenium [Re-2(CO)(10)], alkylation of the arenes proceeded under mild conditions to give a mixture of mono- and dialkyl substituted arenes in moderate-to-good yields.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

When 1,2,3-selenadiazoles synthesized from cyclic ketones were treated with an excess amount of olefins at 130 degrees C, the addition of a vinyl radical, which was generated in situ by the denitrogenation of 1,2,3-selenadiazoles, to a carbon-carbon double bond followed by intramolecular cyclization proceeded efficiently giving the corresponding dihydroselenophenenes in moderate to good yields along with the formation of the corresponding 1,4-diselenins and selenophenes as by-products. In this reaction, the number of carbon atoms on the cyclic ring of the ketones used as the starting materials in the synthesis of the 1,2,3-selenadiazoles plays an important role in the selectivity of the products. In contrast to the reaction of the 1,2,3-selenadiazoles prepared from the cyclic ketones, in the reaction of 1,2,3-selenadiazoles derived from aromatic and linear ketones, the dihydroselenophenene and 1,4-diselenins derivatives were not obtained and the corresponding alkynes were formed as the sole product. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan  

The utilization of lanthanide metal salts and organolanthanide compounds in organic synthesis has been attracted considerable attention, however, there have been a limited number of studies on the synthetic reactions using divalent samarium compounds such as SmI<SUB>2</SUB> and Cp<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>2</SUB>Sm (thf) <SUB>2</SUB> as catalysts or catalyst precursors. We report here several synthetic reactions by the use of samarium complexes (II), namely SmI<SUB>2</SUB> and Cp<SUP>*</SUP><SUB>2</SUB>Sm (thf) <SUB>2</SUB>, as catalysts : (i) coupling reaction of vinyl esters with aldehydes, (ii) acylation of alcohols and amines with vinyl esters, (iii) acylation of tertiary alcohols with vinyl esters in the presence of a catalytic amount of oxime ester, (iv) synthesis of 1, 3-diol monoesters by the trimerization of aldehydes, (v) aldol type condensation of imines, and (vi) one-pot synthesis of pyrroles by the reaction of amines, aldehydes, and nitroalkanes.

DOI： 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.58.129

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Other Link： https://jlc.jst.go.jp/DN/JALC/00064606590?from=CiNii

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：JOHN WILEY & SONS INC  

We found that lanthanum metal was an excellent agent for the reduction of carbonyl compounds in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine. When carbonyl compounds were treated with lanthanum metal in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine, the reductive coupling of the carbonyl compounds proceeded efficiently to afford the corresponding vic-diols in moderate to good yields. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

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Palladium complexes such as Pd(PPh3)(4) catalyzed the reaction of phenyl tributylstannyl selenide (PhSeSnBu3) with aryl and alkyl halides, giving the corresponding diaryl and alkylaryl selenides in moderate to good yields.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

When 1,2,3-selenadiazoles were treated with an excess amount of olefins in the presence of a catalytic amount of Bu3SnH and AIBN, the addition of a vinyl radical, which was generated in situ by the denitrogenation of 1,2,3-selenadiazoles, to the carbon-carbon double bond followed by intramolecular cyclization proceeded efficiently to afford the corresponding dihydroselenophenes in moderate to good yields. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

Reductive N-heterocyclization of 2-nitrostyrenes with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of selenium proceeded efficiently to afford the corresponding indoles in moderate to good yields. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：GEORG THIEME VERLAG  

The addition of various electrophiles to phenylseleno-substituted allyllithium, which was generated irt situ by the reaction of 1 -alkoxy-3-phenylseleno-1-alkene with LDA, gave the corresponding a-addition products in moderate to good yields with high regioselectivity.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The reaction of alpha,beta-unsaturated acetals with diisobutylaluminum phenylselenolate followed by treatment with H2O affords the corresponding 1-alkoxy-3-phenylseleno-1-alkenes in good yields. When aq. HCl instead of H2O was employed in the workup, 3-phenylselenoalkanals were formed in good yields. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

A new method for generation of the samarium (II) species by the reaction of samarium metal with diethylaluminium iodide (Et2AlI) under mild conditions has been developed. Divalent samarium species generated in situ from a Sm/Et2AlI system caused the reductive coupling of aromatic ketones with moderate stereoselectivity to afford corresponding dl-vic-diols in moderate yields. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

When tributylstannyl phenylselenolate (Bu3SnSePh) was allowed to react with epoxides in the presence of BF3 . OEt2 as a Lewis acid, the ring opening reaction of epoxides proceeded with complete regioselectivity to afford the beta-hydroxy phenylselenides in moderate to good yields.

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An efficient method for the synthesis of trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives has been developed. Dithioacetal-functionalized cyclic hemiketals are reduced by triphenylsilane (Ph(3)SiH) in the presence of TiCl4 to afford the corresponding trans-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran derivatives in good yield and high stereoselectivity. Asymmetrical synthesis of (2S,5S) disubstituted tetrahydrofuran was also achieved by using this reduction method.

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Molybdovanadophosphate (NPMoV)/hydroquinone/O-2 system was found to be an efficient reoxidation system in palladium-catalyzed oxidations of alkenes and related compounds. Thus, acetoxylations of cycloalkenes utilizing molecular oxygen as the final oxidant were cleanly performed using the multicatalytic system consisting of Pd(OAc)(2)/hydroquinone/NPMoV to form 3-acetoxy-1-cycloalkenes in good yields. For example, cyclopentene and cyclohexene were converted into the corresponding allylic acetates in almost quantitative yields. Omitting hydroquinone from the catalytic system led to low yields of the acetates. Acetoxylation of cyclooctene was satisfactorily achieved by replacing hydroquinone of the multicatalytic system by chlorohydroquinone. Molybdovanadophosphates, which catalyze the smooth dehydrogenation of hydroquinone to benzoquinone with dioxygen, were found to rapidly promote the present Pd(II)-catalyzed acetoxylation of cycloalkenes. By the use of a mixed solvent of ethanol and water under these conditions, Wacker type oxidations of cyclohexene and styrene were accomplished in fair to good yields. Monosubstituted alkenes such as ethyl acrylate and acrylonitrile underwent the acetalization by the present catalytic system to give the corresponding acetals in quantitative yields.

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Aldol type condensation of imines has first been achieved via a catalytic process using samarium diiodide (SmI2) at room temperature to form alpha,beta-unsaturated imines in good yields. The condensation was markedly facilitated by the presence of formates or aldehydes which promote the elimination of amines from aldol adducts. It was found that the 1:2 reaction of amines with aldehydes under the influence of SmI2 also led to alpha,beta-unsaturated imines in satisfactory yields. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd

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Catalytic epoxidation of monoterpenes with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by peroxotung-stophosphate (PCWP) under biphase conditions using chloroform as the solvent was examined. A variety of terpenes was oxidized to the corresponding monoepoxides or diepoxides in good yields under mild conditions. For example, limonene (1) was converted into limonene oxide (la) in which the cyclohexene double bond was selectively epoxidized in almost quantitative yield. The oxidation of gamma-terpinene (2) with 2.2 equiv of 35% H2O2 took place with high stereoselectivity to give cis-diepoxide 2c. In terpenes bearing electron-withdrawing groups such as neryl acetate (3), geranyl acetate (4), citral (5), and geranyl nitrile (6), the double bonds remote from the substituents were epoxidized in preference to the others. The epoxidation of linalool (9) by the present catalyst-oxidant system produced the cyclic products, hydroxy furan 9a and hydroxy pyran 9b, rather than epoxide. tert-Butyl alcohol was successfully employed as the solvent by treating a hydrogen peroxide solution of tert-butyl alcohol with MgSO4 prior to use. The regioselectivities in the epoxidation of monoterpenes can be favorably explained from the electron densities of the double bonds which were estimated using the CAChe system.

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Various organic compounds were oxidized by molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalytic amount of mixed-addenda heteropolyoxometalates containing molybdenum and vanadium. The catalytic activity of the molybdovanadophosphate was found to be greatly enhanced by supporting on charcoal. The supported catalyst has high catalytic activity for oxidative dehydrogenation of benzylic and allylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones (46-92%), nevertheless, the non-supported catalyst was inactive for the same oxidations under these conditions. 2,3,6-Trimethylphenol was selectively oxidized to trimethyl-p-benzoquinone, which is a precursor of vitamin E, in the presence of a catalytic amount of molybdovanadophosphate. In addition, the aerobic oxidation of amines, alkyl-substituted phenols, and alkanes were also examined.

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A novel class of catalysts for alkane oxidation with molecular oxygen was examined. N-Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with Co(acac)(n) (n = 2 or 3) was found to be an efficient catalytic system for the aerobic oxidation of cycloalkanes and alkylbenzenes under mild conditions. Cycloalkanes were successfully oxidized with molecular oxygen in the presence of a catalytic amount of NHPI and Co(acac)(2) in acetic acid at 100 degrees C to give the corresponding cycloalkanones and dicarboxylic acids. Alkylbenzenes mere also oxidized with dioxygen using this catalytic system. For example, toluene was converted into benzoic acid in excellent yield under these conditions. Ethyl- and butylbenzenes were selectively oxidized at their alpha-positions to form the corresponding ketones, acetophenone, and 1-phenyl-1-butanone, respectively, in good yields. A key intermediate in this oxidation is believed to be the phthalimide N-oxyl radical generated from NHPI and molecular oxygen using a Co(II) species. The isotope effect (k(H)/k(D)) in the oxidation of ethylbenzene and ethylbenzene-d(10) with dioxygen using NHPI/Co(acac)(2) was 3.8.

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Cp*Sm-2(thf)(2) was found to be an efficient catalyst for the acylation of alcohols and amines with esters under mild conditions. In the present acylation, vinyl and isopropenyl acetates served as good acylating agents. Thus, a variety of alcohols and amines underwent acylation with vinyl and isopropenyl acetates in the presence of Cp*Sm-2(thf)(2) to give the corresponding esters and amides in good to excellent yields. This catalytic acylation of alcohols and amines offers an additional useful method by the use of various esters, instead of acid anhydrides and acid chlorides, as acylating agents under very mild conditions.

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NaBrO3 combined with NaHSO3 was found to be an efficent reagent for the oxidative esterification of primary alcohols. Thus, a variety of esters was prepared from primary alcohols, aldehydes, and acetals in aqueous medium under mild conditions. Treatment of alpha,omega-diols with NaBrO3/NaHSO3 reagent afforded the corresponding lactones and/or dicarboxylic acids in fair yields.

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Aerobic oxidation of various alcohols has been accomplished by using a new catalytic system, N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) combined with Co(acac)(3). The oxidation of alcohols by NHPI was found to be markedly enhanced by adding a slight amount of Co(acac)(3) (0.05 equiv. to NHPI). Thus, secondary alcohols and vic-diols which are difficult to be oxidized by NHPI alone were smoothly oxidized with molecular oxygen (1 atm) to the corresponding carbonyl compounds under relatively mild conditions (65 similar to 75 degrees C).

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alpha-Hydroxy ketones and vic-diols were successfully oxidized to the corresponding diketones with agueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of peroxotungstophosphate (PCWP). This method provides a straightforward route of 1,2-diketones which are difficult to prepare by conventional oxidation of vic-diols.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

The oxidation of allenes and alkynes with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by peroxotungstophosphate (PCWP) was examined. A variety of allenes were first converted into the corresponding alpha-ethoxy ketones upon treatment with 35% H2O2 under the influence of PCWP in a mixed solvent consisting of ethanol and dichloromethane. When the reaction was carried out using tert-butyl alcohol as a solvent, approximately a 1:1 regioisomeric mixture of alpha-hydroxy ketones was obtained along with a small amount of alpha-tert-butoxy ketone. Oxidation of internal alkynes such as 4-octyne by the PCWP-H2O2 system under phase-transfer conditions using chloroform produced alpha,beta-epoxy ketones in good yields. The same reaction in a mixed solvent of ethanol and chloroform gave alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones rather than alpha,beta-epoxy ketones. Plausible reaction paths are proposed for the oxidation of allenes and alkynes by the PCWP-H2O2 system.

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Hypohydrous acids such as hypoiodous acid (IOH) and hypobromous acid (BrOH) were found to be easily generated from H5IO6 and NaBrO3 in the presence of an appropriate reducing agent such as NaHSO3. Iodohydrin and bromohydrin derivatives were synthesized in good yields from the reaction of a wide variety of organic compounds bearing carbon-carbon double bonds, with H5IO6 or NaBrO3 and NaHSO3. The iodohydroxylation of internal alkenes was achieved with high stereoselectivity to give anti products, although no stereoselectivity was observed in the bromohydroxylation of these alkenes. It was found that allylic alcohols undergo iodohydroxylation in anti-Markovnikov fashion to form iodo diols in good yields. Treatment of alkynes with H5IO6 combined with NaHSO3 afforded the corresponding ketones in fair yields, but the same treatment with NaBrO3 rather than H5IO6 produced the corresponding alpha,alpha-dibromo ketones along with small amounts of the dibromoalkenes.

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Vanadomolybdophosphate supported on active carbon, NPV6Mo6/C, catalyzed the oxidation and coupling reaction of 2,3,6-trimethylphenol by dioxygen to give trimethyl-p-benzoquinone and 4,4'-dihydroxy-2,2',3,3',5,5'-hexamethylbiphenyl, respectively, depending on the solvent used. Hydroquinones and benzyl alcohol were selectively dehydrogenated by the present system, giving the corresponding p-benzoquinones and benzaldehyde, respectively, in good yields.

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A combination system of molecular oxygen, benzaldehyde, and carbon tetrachloride oxidizes various ketones to give lactones and esters in high yields at 40 degrees C, and addition of benzoyl chloride increases yields of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation products at a lower temperature of 20 degrees C.

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Dramatical difference in selectivity was observed in the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of sulfides by [pi-C5H5N+(CH2)15CH3]3PW12O403- (CWP) and [pi-C5H5N+(CH2)15CH3]3{PO4[W(O)(O2)2]4}3- (PCWP) under the two-phase system using chloroform as the solvent. The oxidation of sulfides with 35% H2O2 by CWP afforded the corresponding sulfoxides in high selectivity (93-99%), while the same oxidation by PCWP gave sulfones exclusively.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

Heteropolyoxometalate-catalyzed oxidations of organic compounds such as olefins and cyclic ketones with molecular oxygen in the presence of an aldehyde were examined. Olefins were epoxidized with dioxygen in the presence of 2 equiv of 2-methylpropanal under the influence of a catalytic amount of the mixed heteropolyoxometalate NPV6Mo6 (3) to give the corresponding epoxides in moderate to good yields. This catalytic oxidation method was also applied to the epoxidation of allylic and homoallylic alcohols. In the absence of olefins, the aldehydes were efficiently converted into the corresponding carboxylic acids. In addition, the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of cyclic ketones was accomplished by using benzaldehyde instead of 2-methylpropanal as the aldehyde.

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Mixed addenda heteropolyoxometalate, NPV6Mo6, was found to be an efficient catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of a variety of benzylic amines to the corresponding Schiff-base imines with molecular oxygen in toluene solution. Under the same reaction conditions, isochroman and indan were respectively oxidized to 3,4-dihydroisocoumarin and 1-indanone with high selectivity.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

Zirconocene and hafnocene complexes such as Cp2MH2 and Cp2M(Cl)H (M = Zr or Hf) were found to catalyze efficiently the selective dimerization of aldehydes to esters under mild conditions. Hafnocene complexes exhibited higher activity than the corresponding zirconocene complexes, while titanocene complexes were inert in the present reaction. The reaction was found to be markedly influenced by the structure of the aldehydes used. Cross-dimerization could be achieved by allowing Cp2ZrH2 or Cp2Zr(Cl)H to react with two different aldehydes whose reactivities are slightly different from each other.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

1-Alkoxyalkyl radicals [R1R2(OR3)C.], which were generated from 1-alkoxy-1-(phenylseleno)alkanes [R1R2C(OR3)SePh] and n-Bu3SnH in the precence of AIBN, participate effectively in intermolecular addition to vinyl compounds bearing electron-withdrawing or radical stabilizing substituents to give the corresponding ethers in moderate to good yields.

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Various substituted anilines 1 were selectively converted into the corresponding nitrosobenzenes 2 or nitrobenzenes 3 by oxidation with aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by heteropolyoxometalates. The oxidations of anilines 1 with 35% H2O2 catalyzed by peroxotungstophosphate (PCWP) at room temperature in chloroform under two-phase conditions afforded nitrosobenzenes 2 with high selectivity. When the same reactions were carried out at higher temperature (e.g., refluxing chloroform), nitrobenzenes 3 were obtained in good yields. The oxidation of aniline (1a) with dilute H2O2 catalyzed by PCWP (2 wt %) in an aqueous medium produced azoxybenzene (4a) with high selectivity. Phenylazoxyalkanes 7 were prepared by the first direct cooxidation of 1a in the presence of primary aliphatic amines 6. For example, the oxidation of a 1:2 mixture of 1a and hexylamine (6b) with 35% H2O2 (6 equiv) in the presence of PCWP produced phenylazoxyhexane (7b) (51%) along with a small amount of 4a (8%). The reaction path for the conversion of anilines to azoxy-, nitroso-, and nitrobenzenes is described. © 1993, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1021/jo00066a012

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Samarium(II) iodide equivalent was generated from metallic samarium and Me3SiCl/Nal reagent in acetonitrile under ambient conditions. Dehalogenation of alpha-halocarbonyl compounds and reductive coupling of ketones were successfully carried out by the use of the samarium(II) species, thus generated, in acetonitrile.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

The system consisting of molecular oxygen and aldehydes (e.g., isobutyraldehyde and pivalaldehyde) oxidizes various olefins to give epoxides in high yield's at 40-degrees-C for 3 - 6 h.

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Phenyl substituted alpha- (PhC(=O)C(=O)R) and beta-diketones (PhC(=O)CHRC(=O)R') are reduced by carbon monoxide and water in the presence of elemental selenium to give the corresponding aromatic ketones in moderate to good yields.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Peroxotungstophosphate (PCWP) was found to be an efficient catalyst for the oxidation of amines with 35% H2O2 under the biphasic or homogeneous condition. Thus, primary and secondary amines were oxidized to oximes and nitrones, respectively, in good yields. Aromatic amines afforded to the corresponding nitroso compounds and/or nitrobenzenes.

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科研費基盤研究

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：CHEMICAL SOC JAPAN  

Monoselenoacetals can be synthesized from the reaction of acetals with diisobutylaluminium benzeneselenolate (i-Bu2AlSePh) under mild conditions in good yields. Diselenoacetals are also obtained by treating acetals with large excess amount of i-Bu2AlSePh.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

A new approach to the synthesis of diorganyl selenides and diselenides is described. Selective generation of tertiary amine salts of hydrogen selenide ([HSe-].[R3NH+]) and hydrogen diselenide ([HSe2-].[R3NH+]) has been achieved by controlling the reaction conditions for the reduction of elemental selenium with carbon monoxide and water in the presence of tertiary amine. Subsequent alkylation provided a wide variety of symmetrical dialkyl selenides (R2Se) and diselenides (R2Se2) with a high degree of selectivity. Acylation of the amine salt of hydrogen selenide by equimolar amounts of acid chlorides led to the formation of tertiary amine salt of selenocarboxylates [R3NH+].[RCOSe-] in excellent yields. Further acylation and alkylation of this salt yielded bis(acyl) selenides [(RCO)2Se] and Se-alkyl selenocarboxylates (RCOSeR'), respectively. Moreover, oxidation of the amine salt of selenocarboxylates gave rise to bis(acyl) diselenides [(RCO)2Se2].

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Selenium has been found to be an excellent catalyst for the reductive debromination of some organic bromides with carbon monoxide and water: vic‐dibromoalkanes and α‐halo ketones can be reduced to the corresponding alkenes and ketones respectively in moderate to high yields. Copyright © 1990 VCH Publishers, Inc.

DOI： 10.1002/hc.520010607

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER CHEMICAL SOC  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Chemical Society of Japan  

The reductive thiolation of aromatic ketones and aldehyde has been investigated. Hydrogen sulfide, generated in situ from elemental sulfur, carbon monoxide, and water, reacted with various aromatic ketones and aldehyde to give the corresponding thiols in moderate to good yields.

DOI： 10.1246/nikkashi.1987.1502

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：MARCEL DEKKER INC  

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article introduces the weird world of topology using a coin and string puzzle. The puzzle is based on the 'African ball', and its mathematical structure is explained. Human levitation and entanglement puzzles involve many uses of topology, and the author believes these kinds of wonderful mathematical ideas may be put to good use in society and government. Presenting students with familiar and appealing educational resources is also important in the teaching mathematics.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This paper gives an outline of an interesting probability game related to coin arrangements discovered by Walter Penney in 1969, and explains John Conway's concept of leading numbers and his algorithm for using them to automatically calculate mutual odds of winning. I will show that Conway's elegant algorithm is correct by using average waiting times as proposed by Stanley Collings, and discuss the effect of applying the rules of this coin game to a card game instead.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Martin Kruskal invented an interesting card trick. After thoroughly shuffling and laying out a deck of cards, you use card values to determine how many cards to advance. Starting on the either the 1st or 2nd card in the series, you will end up at the same location with a very high probability. This can also be applied to Steve Humble's "walking game", which I will describe as we use geometric distributions and Markov chains to calculate probabilities and further investigate this mystery.

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Other Link： http://www.i-repository.net/il/meta_pub/G0000031Repository_01003397

Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Even after giving a standard 52-card deck a good shuffle, there will likely be instances where two cards with the same number end up next to each other. This article concerns my investigations into the probability of such ann occurrence. In the end I found that this is by no means an uncommmon event, there being a 21.7% probability of finding two cards of a given number adjacent, and a 95.4% chance of finding at least one pair of adjacent same-numbered cards. I made these calculations using combinations for up to 20 cards, and a random number-based simulation for the cases of 24 to 52 cards.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This paper presents and solves a problem related to decomposing 1 into a sum of unit fractions. Decomposition into two terms, composition of two terms, decomposition into three terms, and other methods are used to find ways to maximize the number of unique terms, and a decomposition into 42 terms is demonstrated.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

It is still a mystery why colors emerge from the black and white pattern of Benham's top. After a brief overview of previous research on subjective colors, this article explains the nature of color and how we humans perceive a color. This article also introduces a hypothesis about subjective colors based on neuronal simulation, the characteristics of sensation, and in particular neural transmission delay.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

The Japanese government issued new \2000 yen notes as part of the year 2000 millennial celebrations, but contrary to expectations they are rarely seen in circulation. While there are existing mathematical theories about the best denominations to use to minimize the amount of change given in financial transactions, this problem can also be reexamined as a difference between Eastern and Western cultures and their respective predilection for even and odd numbers, which might explain why the \2000 bill has not taken root here.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This artilce explains historically the reason why the order in which characters are written in English is from left to right, but in Arabic it is from right to left. There were all patterns of direction in writing: horizontal or vertical, right to left, left to right, reversed character horizontally or vertically, 90 degreee rotation. Ancient Hieroglyphs had all patterns, but English, Arabic and Kanji differed. Another expects those may deeply relate to ritht hand manner.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

A new method of constructing fixed points in congruence transformations is introduced, and a detailed explanation of fixed points in similarity transformations then follows. Constructions in Euclidean geometry generally require the use of a compass and ruler, but the new method is very simple, requiring the use of only a ruler. The new construction can also be applied to affine transformations.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

There is a famous problem which involves discriminating the faces of a die using 3 colors: how many different patterns can be produced? This article introduces Burnside's lemma which is a powerful method for handling such problems. It requires a knowledge of group theory, but is not so difficult and is likely to be understood by elementary school pupils.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains the calculation of Pi historically, focusing on Machin's formula. Archimedes' formula is shown first, followed by Machin's formula using Gregory's formula. Machin's formula makes particularly ingenious use of the tan double and quadruple angle trigonometric addition formulae. The chapter closes with an explanation of Takano's formula.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article presents tyhe problem of quickest descent, or the Brachistochrone curve, that may be solved by the calculus of variations and the Euler-Lagrange equation. The cycloid is the quickest curve and also has the property of isochronism by which Huygens improved on Galileio's pendulum.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains how to construct a regular heptadecagon according to the theory of cyclotonic equations which was discovered by Gauss in 1796. The author also shows how to construct any root or fraction.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Sudoku is now popular in many countries. This article explains the history and mathematics behind sudoku. This includes the basic rules of sudoku, a trial-and-error solution method, a discussion of the number of patterns completed, minimum sudoku, and the application of Euler's Latin squares. The popularity of sudoku in the UK is also discussed.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article presents 2 unexpected probabilities. If there are at least 23 people in a class, then the probability that there is a shared birthday exceeds one half. This is explained by the idea of complementary events. What are the chances of there being a student who ends up in the same seat when everyone in the class is reseated? This probability is arount 2/3 irrespective of the number of students, and was solved by Montmort(1708).

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

The numbers 727,1991,38483 and so on, are the same when read forwards or backwards. These numbers are known as numerical plaindromes. Let's pick an arbitrary number, recorded the digits in reverse and add it to the original number. It is said that repeating this operation eventurally leads to a plaindrome. Numbers in the sequence derived from 196 however, do not yield a plaindrome. This is an unresolved mathematical problem.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article presents 3 puzzles which turn things inside out: the cube puzzle, turning a paper strip inside out, and hexaflexagons. Readers who wish to find the solutions for themselves are advised not to read the full explanations.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

It has been written that across the world there are 17 types of counting method using the fingers. For example, there are various methods for starting to count 'one' by bending their left little finger. Counting using the fingers differs according to region, ethnicity, and historical period. This chapter also discusses the 'evolutionary theory' of counting methods.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Japanese buildings are constructed with straight lines. European buildings however, tend to have arched rather than straight horizontal lines. Roofs, window frames and the tops of doors are often arched. Euroeapn buildings are made not from wood but from stone. The reason for these differences is explained by mechanical theory.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Oldham's coupling is a really interesting device. It is possible to understand the method with a knowledge of only junior high-school geometry. Compressors in air conditioners also use this idea, where involute curves are used for the teeth of the cogs in the compressor. Mathematics doesn't just reside in textbooks; it's alive in our daily lives.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

George Sicherman discovered an interesting pair of dice whose sums have the same probalitiy distribution as a pair of standard dice, and this was reported by Martin Gardner in 1978. This pair of dice is numbered, 1,3,4,5,6,8 and 1,2,2,3,3,4, and is unique. In order to prove the uniqueness of his combination three methods are shown: trial-and-error with pencil and paper, a Visual Basic program, and factorization of polynomials. The third is the most elegant solution and was presented by Gallian and Rusin, as well as Broline in 1979.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Miura folding is famous all over the world. It is an element of the ancient Japanese tradition of origami and reaches as far as astronautical engineering throught the construction of solar panels. This article explains how to achieve the Miura folding, and describes its application to maps. The author also suggests in this context that nature may abhor the right angle, according to observation of the wing base of a dragonfly.

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains how barcodes are read mathematically. One numeral is constructed from 7 modules in a barcode. Firstly, a counting method is presented through which the number of different characters which can be expressed is obtained. After touching upon formulae for permutations and combinations, duplicated combinations are expressed explicitly. The use of a modulus of 10 is mentioned with regard to the calculation of check digits.

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains how to help junior-high school students enjoy studying geometry using some card magic. Area may be increased and decreased by arranging pieces of card according to the images on either the front or back of the card. There are some interesting stories associated with this puzzzle, including 'Sunflowers Facing the Sun' and 'The UFO-Spotting Brothers.'

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains how to measure are using both simple and complicated measurement methods. Elementary school children obtain area by counting triangles; junior-high school students use Cartesian coordinates; and high-school students study Heron's formula. In this article additional methods such as the trapezoid formula and Amsler's linear planimeter are presented.

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

Random numbers are frequently used all around us, but many people do not know the basis of random numbers. After touching upon prime numbers and prime nember thoery, this article explains the principles of random number generation using primes and primitive roots, and explains how they are actually handled inside computers.

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains the truncated icosahedron by making a sepak takrow ball, which is used in a popular ball game in Thailand. Next, many popular topics for examination questions on spatial diagrams are presented such as: how many regular polyhedra can be made, Euler's polyhedron formula, F-E+V=2, and the number of regular pentagons and hexagons in a soccer ball.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains stariway light switches which can be turned on or off from different plances. This idea is based on the binary system of Boolean algebra. Mathematics is hidden everywhere in daily life and we may enjoy it if we study the mathematics relating to everyday things.

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

The number 6174 is a really mysterious number. At first glance, it might not seem so obvious, but as we are about to see, anyone who can subtract can uncover the mystery that makes 6174 so special.

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This article explains all about Hexaflexagons; how to make, how to operate them and mathematical theory. Hexaflexagons are known surfaces with no inside or outside as same as Mobius strip. Refereeing to the articles of Gardner M. and Madachy J.S. author found out the general solution for multiple foldings of Hexaflexagons.

CiNii Books

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Language：English   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

This paper explains why some fans appear to rotate backwards by stroboscopic effect. That phenomenon is often seen as fans in the movies. After estimating fan rotation by mathematical formulae many applications of stroboscopes are shown.

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://www.osaka-ue.ac.jp/research/nikkeisi/lab/contents/08.html

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Kansai University  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Osaka University of Economics  

CiNii Books

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Event date： 2015.11

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Event date： 2014.7

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Event date： 2014.1

Venue：産総研第5事業所第2本館第4会議室  

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Event date： 2013.11 - 2013.12

Venue：Todaiji Temple Cultural Center  

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Event date： 2013.3

Venue：立命館大学びわこ・くさつキャンパス  

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Event date： 2013.3

Venue：立命館大学びわこ・くさつキャンパス  

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Event date： 2013.3

Venue：立命館大学びわこ・くさつキャンパス  

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Event date： 2013.3

Venue：立命館大学びわこ・くさつキャンパス  

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Event date： 2013.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2013.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2013.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2012.12

Venue：大阪大学中之島センター  

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Event date： 2012.12

Venue：大阪大学中之島センター  

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Event date： 2012.12

Venue：いわて県民情報交流センター（アイーナ）  

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Event date： 2012.11

Venue：神戸薬科大学ききょう記念ホール  

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Event date： 2012.11

Venue：神戸薬科大学ききょう記念ホール  

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Event date： 2012.9

Venue：京都テルサ  

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Event date： 2012.9

Venue：京都テルサ  

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Event date： 2012.9

Venue：大阪大学吹田キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.9

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Event date： 2012.9

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Event date： 2012.9

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Event date： 2012.9

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Event date： 2012.8

Venue：関西大学千里山キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.8

Venue：関西大学千里山キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.8

Venue：関西大学千里山キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.5

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Event date： 2012.3

Venue：慶応義塾大学日吉・矢上キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.3

Venue：慶応義塾大学日吉・矢上キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.3

Venue：慶応義塾大学日吉・矢上キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.3

Venue：慶応義塾大学日吉・矢上キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.3

Venue：慶応義塾大学日吉・矢上キャンパス  

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Event date： 2012.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2012.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2012.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2012.1

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2011.12

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Event date： 2011.12

Venue：（財）京都教育文化センター  

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Event date： 2011.12

Venue：（財）京都教育文化センター  

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Event date： 2011.11

Venue：千里阪急ホテル  

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Event date： 2011.10

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Event date： 2011.9

Venue：つくば国際会議場  

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Event date： 2011.9

Venue：つくば国際会議場  

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Event date： 2011.9

Venue：つくば国際会議場  

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Event date： 2011.9

Venue：名古屋大学東山キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.8

Venue：大阪府立大学なかもずキャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.8

Venue：大阪府立大学なかもずキャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.8

Venue：大阪府立大学なかもずキャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.7

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2011.3

Venue：神奈川大学横浜キャンパス  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：Hawaii Convention Center, Honolulu, Hawai, USA  

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Event date： 2010.12

Venue：関西大学100周年記念会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：室蘭市民会館ホール  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.11

Venue：大阪府立大学学術交流会館  

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Event date： 2010.10

Venue：Seaside Hotel Maiko Villa Kobe, Hyogo, Japan  

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Event date： 2010.9

Venue：中央大学多摩キャンパス  

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Event date： 2010.9

Venue：名古屋大学東山キャンパス  

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Event date： 2010.9

Venue：シーサイドホテル舞子ビラ神戸  

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Event date： 2010.5

Venue：北九州国際会議場  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009.3

Venue：千葉  

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Event date： 2009

Venue：関西大学, 吹田市  

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Event date： 2008.12

Venue：東京  

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Event date： 2008.12

Venue：東京  

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Event date： 2008.9

Venue：Kobe  

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Event date： 2008.8

Venue：大阪市立大学  

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Event date： 2008.8

Venue：大阪市立大学  

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Event date： 2008.5

Venue：東京  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2008

Venue：立教大学  

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Event date： 2007.7

Venue：大阪府立大学  

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Event date： 2007

Venue：大阪大学  

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

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Event date： 2007

Venue：大阪大学  

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Event date： 2007

Venue：大阪大学  

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Event date： 2007

Venue：Japan, Hiroshima Univ  

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Event date： 2007

Venue：Nara  

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Event date： 2006.12

Venue：福岡  

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Event date： 2006.8

Venue：Saitama  

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Event date： 2006.8

Venue：Tokyo  

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Event date： 2006.7

Venue：Zaragoza  

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Event date： 2006.6

Venue：京都  

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Event date： 2006.5

Venue：東京  

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Event date： 2006

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

Venue：Japan  

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Event date： 2005

Venue：Honolulu  

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Event date： 2005

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Event date： 2005

Venue：Honolulu  

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Event date： 2005

Venue：Honolulu  

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Event date： 2004

Venue：Awaji  

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Event date： 2004

Venue：Awaji  

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Event date： 2004

Venue：Japan  

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

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Event date： 2004

Venue：Nara, Japan  

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Event date： 1993

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