Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

Ryukyu, centered around the mainland of Okinawa, developed its own culture and folk customs while actively interacting with different regions across the ocean. The maritime trade with neighboring countries introduced not only goods, but foreign culture, folklore, and philosophies to Ryukyu, one of which was feng shui, which is associated with the forming of settlements. The spatial structure of traditional settlements in Ryukyu, however, reflects a combination of feng shui, brought from a foreign land, and the "kusati" philosophy, native to Ryukyu. This paper examines the interior spatial structure of the Nakaoshi settlement, located in Nago city, in the northern part of Okinawa Island, and reveals the characteristics of the ideas of formation and the spatial structure of the settlement. This study discusses the settlement format, the street format, the distribution of sacred spots, the main families and the branch families, the distribution of ishiganto (a stone slab used to ward off evil spirits), the land division, and the number of housing lots per division, and examines how each of these components is related to the formation ideas and spatial structure of the settlement. First, the Nakaoshi settlement takes a format called haizan ryusui, enclosed by mountains on the back and adjoined by water in the front. The street format in the settlement is somewhat "messy" with many curved and intentionally unaligned streets. The haizan ryusui format and the unorganized street format are a result of people's deep concern with qi, indicating that the Nakaoshi settlement is influenced by feng shui. Sanctuaries called uganju are concentrated toward the back of the center area, around which are niya, houses of the main families. Houses of the branch families are mostly located to the front of niya, and houses of each family tend to spread east to west. Also, the higher the religious ranking of those adopted into the main family is (e.g. shinto priests, female bishops), the closer to uganju their niya is located. The supremacy of uganju was the central idea in house distribution. The spatial structure seen here is a product of the kusati-inspired formation of living and religious spaces. The sixty ishiganto are densely, but extensively laid out in the Nakaoshi settlement. The distribution is wide and even throughout the settlement. If this distribution of ishiganto is part of the succession of people's traditional view of geography, it is obvious that this view has been shared by the entire settlement, not just a particular group of people.
Finally, the settlement has a mixture of vertical, horizontal, and square land formats. Older houses are located mostly in the area where vertical and horizontal formats are combined, which indicates that land division and houses built in each division are closely linked. The number of housing lots per division increases as one goes from the uganju area, where one housing lot per division is common, to the periphery of the settlement, where each division has two or three housing lots. This is because houses built farther away from uganju and niya belong to lower-ranked families according to the kusati philosophy, and these lower-ranked families are further divided into each division for housing space. In short, this hierarchical allotment of housing spaces also reflects the kusati philosophy. After examining the ideas of formation and spatial structure of the settlement, this paper concludes that the formation of the Nakaoshi settlement is based on both feng shui and kusati. Also, the analysis of land division, the number of housing lots per division, and distribution of houses suggests a close connection between the division format and kusati. The influence of feng shui, kusati, and the traditional view of geography, which are to be found throughout the settlement, contributes to the current spatial structure of the settlement.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/024774499

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学大学院東アジア文化研究科  

The authors discuss the visualization the Chinese travelogue "Jokakaku-yuki" (徐霞客遊記) written by Jokakaku (徐霞客) in the 17th century. Besides an outstanding traveler, he was an excellent geographer, a botanist and a historian. In Japan his name is not so famous, but his views are not simply categorized into sightseeing records and diaries. Every time he tried to observe objects correctly, and to confirm in situ site/place by his minute academic description. We tied to create the Fujian part of "Jokakaku-yuki"database in a geographical viewpoint. As this database contains text information and maps, users can get them easily. Additionally it can be searched from the text information and/or maps. Since text information and maps are integrated by GIS, we can also process this database by GIS. In this paper Remote Sensing and NDVI analysis are implemented. We believe that such a database will make a great contribution to the development of the historical GIS (HGIS).

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/024698562

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：關西大學文學會  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

Kouri Island in Nakijin Village, Kunigamigun, Okinawa prefecture, has had for many, many years kept the old folkways and village appearance. It can be said to be an "Island of the gods" carefully keeping Ryukyu traditional ways. In June, 2011, the authors studied the villages and researched the actual villagelayoutsand traditional geographical ideas. The results show that there are a number of partitions formed on the axes of various sacred spots. In addition, we made detailed distribution maps of the charms against evil such as ishigantou (stone plaques with the word ishigantou carved into them) and shiisa (lion-shaped roof ornaments) and shellfish and found that each of them are positioned following fundamental rules. But although these charms are definitely an ancient tradition, they are also increasing because local residents are clearly rediscoveringRyukyu ways due to effects such as the so-called Okinawa boom.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023762765

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

This article is discussed as a case study for the design of Iida castle town. Iida castle town has been made to imitate the Kyoto. So the Feng Shui philosophy had big influence on the city planning. Especially a Shishin-Souou has big influence on city planning. Iida castle town's main streets are the same inclination as straight line which connects Genbu and Suzaku. Accordingly it can be said Iida castle town aimed at the form of the ideal Feng Shui. And from the design technique of the Iida castle town, Castle landscape composition was confirmed to incorporate the surrounding landscape. Iida castle town's vista is designed for the northern mountain, and vista to the mountain is secured in parallel in major streets in castle town. So Iida castle town design was based on feng shui theory and surrounding landscape.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023769524

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10112/7329

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

The Kouri Island villages have a long history dating from the times of the Ryukyu kings. Due to their characteristic of being on a remote island even today they have a traditional village appearance. This paper looks at their traditional house appearances and village layouts, and analyzes the special features of the appearances of the villages and the appearances that are traditional for this geography by studying the makeup and structure of each house and the distribution of the kinds of building-lot layouts in the villages. The houses tended to be always one-storied with additional attached subhousing. Many of the houses were protected from strong winds by a walled compound and yphoon blocking trees. The distribution of the walled compounds was uneven and had a strong relationship with the location of sacred spots. This case study shows that the site location of sacred spots and the shape of the housing had a mutually strong effect on each other. When the kinds of building-lot layouts is looked at, the western and eastern parts of the villages have mostly mixed layout types while the central section usually has building lots lined up in a single row. This distribution shows that even inside the village the western side is older. This fact is confirmed by the fact that old roads that twist and criss-cross are also concentrated on the western side. This research made clear the fact that Kouri Island still keeps the appearances of traditional villages. From now on, we strongly hope that the preservation and maintenance of traditional village appearance is done in parallel with the development of tourist attractions.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023762944

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点（ICIS）  

The formation process for villages in Ryūkyū differs from other regions and is
unique. Groups related through blood play an extremely important role in the establishment of a village and its social organization. Even today, patrilineally related groups, known as monchū, still exist. The essay explores the characteristics of the construction of space and village formation by focusing on the rituals and distribution of sacred ground in the blood-related villages and village formation on Kōri Island in northern Okinawa Prefecture. The distribution of the sacred grounds accounts for the present existence of sacred grounds known as utaki that are scattered around the villages. It is clear that blood-related groups once existed in the vicinity of these utaki. Specifi c consanguine groups successively inherited the responsibility of conducting the
rituals in a role known as kaminchu, a practice that still continues. It is therefore possible to identify the deep relationship between village formation and ritual. Similarly constructed rituals occur in different ritual spaces, which substantiates the idea that this ritual took shape with the consolidation of the Kōri villages.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023550242

Language：Japanese   Publisher：海洋出版  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

Amami Oshima has created own unique culture, which is based on Ryukyu culture and also mixed with Yamato culture. Tatsugou-chou, a targeted research area for this paper, has mountain district and forest in the central part and villages are located on coast area and look like sticking on the island. Each village inside the island Amami Oshima is called "Shima," which means island in Japanese, since they do not have good access to transportation to other villages as if they are island. Therefore, folk culture also has different characters. Under this nature environment, people clearly differentiate between the own village, which they belong to, and the others, which are outside different/unfamiliar world. A targeted research area of this paper is Tatsugou-chou in Amami-oshima. This paper is aim to geographically reserch regarding villagers' consciousness toward self-world and outside world by restoring scattering spiritual places and traditional places of infesting specters on the map As a result of research, there is a tendency that spiritual places are mainly located on old area of the villages and each village has the spiritual place, which is called "Kamiyama." This village constriction is with the philosophy based on "Kusate" idea, which is a traditional village constriction philosophy of Ryukyu. In addition, some cases are recognized that traditional spiritual places are incorporated in "Heike" legend and lost an original meanings. On the other hand, many of specter-infecting places are located around the outer edges of each village. One of the reasons for this tendency is due to villagers' unconscious social group consciousness. In order to differentiate between own village world and outer village world, it is considered that legends
regarding specters are eccentrically located.
Spiritual place and specter legend is representational product for view
interpretation/perspective/understanding of the outer world that is resulted in social group's strong consciousness of boundary space to the outer village worlds. The environment that social group consciousness, unique "Shima" village's
perspective, includes self-consciousness leads the realization/cognition that village equal to self –world and, furthermore, formation of belongingness toward village world and village-identity.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/11105311

Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：歴史地理学会  

CiNii Books

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点（ICIS）  

Ishigantou are talismanic stone tablets believed to ward off evil spirits and set at T-intersections and other similar areas. Ishigantou are a representation of the traditional geographical thought, transmitted from China to Ryukyu. In Ryukyu, notably in Okinawa Prefecture, ishigantou stone tablets have been installed throughout cities and villages, serving as very familiar landscape elements. The author conducted field surveys in Tatsugou Town, located on the northern Amami Oshima Island （which was once was a part of Ryukyu）, in Kagoshima Prefecture, to investigate the places and periods in which these talismanic stone tablets were placed, as well as their shapes and inscriptions. Research results indicate that ishigantou were introduced from China to the Kingdom of Ryukyu and then spread to various parts of Japan, and that ishigantou in the Amami region also have unique characteristics. Diverse types of ishigantou exist, varying widely according to the period and region. As exemplified by ishigantou, which are a representation of traditional geographical thought, cultural phenomena must be understood as being of a multidirectional and intricate nature. It can also be recognized that the original characteristics of culture may be changed through the process of cultural interaction, thus assuming new aspects.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10740800

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)   Publisher：関西大学史学・地理学会  

application/pdf

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10394074

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

Ryukyu, centered around the mainland of Okinawa, developed its own culture and folk customs while actively interacting with different regions across the ocean. The maritime trade with neighboring countries introduced not only goods, but foreign culture, folklore, and philosophies to Ryukyu, one of which was feng shui, which is associated with the forming of settlements. The spatial structure of traditional settlements in Ryukyu, however, reflects a combination of feng shui, brought from a foreign land, and the "kusati" philosophy, native to Ryukyu. This paper examines the interior spatial structure of the Nakaoshi settlement, located in Nago city, in the northern part of Okinawa Island, and reveals the characteristics of the ideas of formation and the spatial structure of the settlement. This study discusses the settlement format, the street format, the distribution of sacred spots, the main families and the branch families, the distribution of ishiganto (a stone slab used to ward off evil spirits), the land division, and the number of housing lots per division, and examines how each of these components is related to the formation ideas and spatial structure of the settlement. First, the Nakaoshi settlement takes a format called haizan ryusui, enclosed by mountains on the back and adjoined by water in the front. The street format in the settlement is somewhat "messy" with many curved and intentionally unaligned streets. The haizan ryusui format and the unorganized street format are a result of people's deep concern with qi, indicating that the Nakaoshi settlement is influenced by feng shui. Sanctuaries called uganju are concentrated toward the back of the center area, around which are niya, houses of the main families. Houses of the branch families are mostly located to the front of niya, and houses of each family tend to spread east to west. Also, the higher the religious ranking of those adopted into the main family is (e.g. shinto priests, female bishops), the closer to uganju their niya is located. The supremacy of uganju was the central idea in house distribution. The spatial structure seen here is a product of the kusati-inspired formation of living and religious spaces. The sixty ishiganto are densely, but extensively laid out in the Nakaoshi settlement. The distribution is wide and even throughout the settlement. If this distribution of ishiganto is part of the succession of people's traditional view of geography, it is obvious that this view has been shared by the entire settlement, not just a particular group of people.
Finally, the settlement has a mixture of vertical, horizontal, and square land formats. Older houses are located mostly in the area where vertical and horizontal formats are combined, which indicates that land division and houses built in each division are closely linked. The number of housing lots per division increases as one goes from the uganju area, where one housing lot per division is common, to the periphery of the settlement, where each division has two or three housing lots. This is because houses built farther away from uganju and niya belong to lower-ranked families according to the kusati philosophy, and these lower-ranked families are further divided into each division for housing space. In short, this hierarchical allotment of housing spaces also reflects the kusati philosophy. After examining the ideas of formation and spatial structure of the settlement, this paper concludes that the formation of the Nakaoshi settlement is based on both feng shui and kusati. Also, the analysis of land division, the number of housing lots per division, and distribution of houses suggests a close connection between the division format and kusati. The influence of feng shui, kusati, and the traditional view of geography, which are to be found throughout the settlement, contributes to the current spatial structure of the settlement.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/024774499

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学大学院東アジア文化研究科  

The authors discuss the visualization the Chinese travelogue "Jokakaku-yuki" (徐霞客遊記) written by Jokakaku (徐霞客) in the 17th century. Besides an outstanding traveler, he was an excellent geographer, a botanist and a historian. In Japan his name is not so famous, but his views are not simply categorized into sightseeing records and diaries. Every time he tried to observe objects correctly, and to confirm in situ site/place by his minute academic description. We tied to create the Fujian part of "Jokakaku-yuki"database in a geographical viewpoint. As this database contains text information and maps, users can get them easily. Additionally it can be searched from the text information and/or maps. Since text information and maps are integrated by GIS, we can also process this database by GIS. In this paper Remote Sensing and NDVI analysis are implemented. We believe that such a database will make a great contribution to the development of the historical GIS (HGIS).

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/024698562

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：關西大學文學會  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学アジア文化研究センター  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

This article is discussed as a case study for the design of Iida castle town. Iida castle town has been made to imitate the Kyoto. So the Feng Shui philosophy had big influence on the city planning. Especially a Shishin-Souou has big influence on city planning. Iida castle town's main streets are the same inclination as straight line which connects Genbu and Suzaku. Accordingly it can be said Iida castle town aimed at the form of the ideal Feng Shui. And from the design technique of the Iida castle town, Castle landscape composition was confirmed to incorporate the surrounding landscape. Iida castle town's vista is designed for the northern mountain, and vista to the mountain is secured in parallel in major streets in castle town. So Iida castle town design was based on feng shui theory and surrounding landscape.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023769524

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

Kouri Island in Nakijin Village, Kunigamigun, Okinawa prefecture, has had for many, many years kept the old folkways and village appearance. It can be said to be an "Island of the gods" carefully keeping Ryukyu traditional ways. In June, 2011, the authors studied the villages and researched the actual villagelayoutsand traditional geographical ideas. The results show that there are a number of partitions formed on the axes of various sacred spots. In addition, we made detailed distribution maps of the charms against evil such as ishigantou (stone plaques with the word ishigantou carved into them) and shiisa (lion-shaped roof ornaments) and shellfish and found that each of them are positioned following fundamental rules. But although these charms are definitely an ancient tradition, they are also increasing because local residents are clearly rediscoveringRyukyu ways due to effects such as the so-called Okinawa boom.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023762765

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://hdl.handle.net/10112/7329

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

The Kouri Island villages have a long history dating from the times of the Ryukyu kings. Due to their characteristic of being on a remote island even today they have a traditional village appearance. This paper looks at their traditional house appearances and village layouts, and analyzes the special features of the appearances of the villages and the appearances that are traditional for this geography by studying the makeup and structure of each house and the distribution of the kinds of building-lot layouts in the villages. The houses tended to be always one-storied with additional attached subhousing. Many of the houses were protected from strong winds by a walled compound and yphoon blocking trees. The distribution of the walled compounds was uneven and had a strong relationship with the location of sacred spots. This case study shows that the site location of sacred spots and the shape of the housing had a mutually strong effect on each other. When the kinds of building-lot layouts is looked at, the western and eastern parts of the villages have mostly mixed layout types while the central section usually has building lots lined up in a single row. This distribution shows that even inside the village the western side is older. This fact is confirmed by the fact that old roads that twist and criss-cross are also concentrated on the western side. This research made clear the fact that Kouri Island still keeps the appearances of traditional villages. From now on, we strongly hope that the preservation and maintenance of traditional village appearance is done in parallel with the development of tourist attractions.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023762944

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点（ICIS）  

The formation process for villages in Ryūkyū differs from other regions and is
unique. Groups related through blood play an extremely important role in the establishment of a village and its social organization. Even today, patrilineally related groups, known as monchū, still exist. The essay explores the characteristics of the construction of space and village formation by focusing on the rituals and distribution of sacred ground in the blood-related villages and village formation on Kōri Island in northern Okinawa Prefecture. The distribution of the sacred grounds accounts for the present existence of sacred grounds known as utaki that are scattered around the villages. It is clear that blood-related groups once existed in the vicinity of these utaki. Specifi c consanguine groups successively inherited the responsibility of conducting the
rituals in a role known as kaminchu, a practice that still continues. It is therefore possible to identify the deep relationship between village formation and ritual. Similarly constructed rituals occur in different ritual spaces, which substantiates the idea that this ritual took shape with the consolidation of the Kōri villages.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/023550242

Language：Japanese   Publisher：海洋出版  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学東西学術研究所  

Amami Oshima has created own unique culture, which is based on Ryukyu culture and also mixed with Yamato culture. Tatsugou-chou, a targeted research area for this paper, has mountain district and forest in the central part and villages are located on coast area and look like sticking on the island. Each village inside the island Amami Oshima is called "Shima," which means island in Japanese, since they do not have good access to transportation to other villages as if they are island. Therefore, folk culture also has different characters. Under this nature environment, people clearly differentiate between the own village, which they belong to, and the others, which are outside different/unfamiliar world. A targeted research area of this paper is Tatsugou-chou in Amami-oshima. This paper is aim to geographically reserch regarding villagers' consciousness toward self-world and outside world by restoring scattering spiritual places and traditional places of infesting specters on the map As a result of research, there is a tendency that spiritual places are mainly located on old area of the villages and each village has the spiritual place, which is called "Kamiyama." This village constriction is with the philosophy based on "Kusate" idea, which is a traditional village constriction philosophy of Ryukyu. In addition, some cases are recognized that traditional spiritual places are incorporated in "Heike" legend and lost an original meanings. On the other hand, many of specter-infecting places are located around the outer edges of each village. One of the reasons for this tendency is due to villagers' unconscious social group consciousness. In order to differentiate between own village world and outer village world, it is considered that legends
regarding specters are eccentrically located.
Spiritual place and specter legend is representational product for view
interpretation/perspective/understanding of the outer world that is resulted in social group's strong consciousness of boundary space to the outer village worlds. The environment that social group consciousness, unique "Shima" village's
perspective, includes self-consciousness leads the realization/cognition that village equal to self –world and, furthermore, formation of belongingness toward village world and village-identity.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/11105311

researchmap

Language：Japanese   Publisher：歴史地理学会  

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22242028/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点（ICIS）  

Ishigantou are talismanic stone tablets believed to ward off evil spirits and set at T-intersections and other similar areas. Ishigantou are a representation of the traditional geographical thought, transmitted from China to Ryukyu. In Ryukyu, notably in Okinawa Prefecture, ishigantou stone tablets have been installed throughout cities and villages, serving as very familiar landscape elements. The author conducted field surveys in Tatsugou Town, located on the northern Amami Oshima Island （which was once was a part of Ryukyu）, in Kagoshima Prefecture, to investigate the places and periods in which these talismanic stone tablets were placed, as well as their shapes and inscriptions. Research results indicate that ishigantou were introduced from China to the Kingdom of Ryukyu and then spread to various parts of Japan, and that ishigantou in the Amami region also have unique characteristics. Diverse types of ishigantou exist, varying widely according to the period and region. As exemplified by ishigantou, which are a representation of traditional geographical thought, cultural phenomena must be understood as being of a multidirectional and intricate nature. It can also be recognized that the original characteristics of culture may be changed through the process of cultural interaction, thus assuming new aspects.

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10740800

Language：Japanese   Publisher：関西大学史学・地理学会  

application/pdf

CiNii Books

researchmap

Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/10394074